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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT KHANAPUR HOSAHALLI-2 (4D5B1A1c) MICROWATERSHED Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Khanapur hosalli-2 (4D5B1A1c) Microwatershed, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.469, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.131 & 33. |
Series/Report no.: | 469; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Khanapur Hosalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 448 ha in Khanapur Hosalli-2 MWS in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 430 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 16 ha is covered by rock outcrops and 2 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 430 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 46 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), <1 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 28 per cent of area is moderately deep (75 - 100 cm) and 21 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm). About 18 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 40 per cent loamy soils and 39 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 83 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (<15%) and 13 per cent is gravelly (15-35%). About 21 per cent area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 10 per cent is medium (101-150mm/m) 18 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 46 per cent area is very low (<50 mm/m). About 75 per cent of area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 21 per cent of area is gently sloping (3-5%) lands. Maximum area of about 83 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 13 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded. Entire area of the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is <2 dsm- 1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 70 per cent area is medium (0.5-0.75%), <1 per cent is low (<0.5%) and 26 per cent area is high (>0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil. About 32 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 3 per cent of area is low (<23 kg/ha) and 61 per cent of area is high (>57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed. Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in an area of about 19 per cent, high (>20 ppm) in 25 per cent and medium (10 -20 ppm) in 52 per cent of area in the microwatershed. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of 35 per cent and medium (0.5-0.1 ppm) in an area of 61 per cent in the microwatershed. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of 59 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in an area of 37 per cent of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 53 (12) 133 (30) Guava - 90 (20) Maize 90 (20) 96 (21) Sapota - 90 (20) Bajra 90 (20) 96 (21) Pomegranate - 90 (20) Groundnut 37 (8) - Musambi - 90 (20) Sunflower - 90 (20) Lime - 90 (20) Redgram - 185 (41) Amla 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Bengal gram - - Cashew - 45 (10) Cotton 53 (12) - Jackfruit - 90 (20) Chilli 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Jamun - - Tomato 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Custard apple 82 (18) 9 (2) Brinjal 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Tamarind - - Onion 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Mulberry - 90 (20) Bhendi 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Marigold 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Drumstick - 90 (20) Chrysanthemum 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 75 (61.98%) men and 46 (38.02%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4.19, a small farmer was 5, a semi medium farmer was 4.33, a medium farmer was 4 and for large farmers it was 4.22. There were 22 (11.28%) people in 0-15 years of age, 71 (36.41%) were in 16-35 years of age, 84 (43.08 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (9.23%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that the Khanapura Hosalli-2 had 61.54 per cent illiterates, 2.05 per cent were functional literates, 13.85 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.10 per cent of them had middle school education, 6.67 per cent of them had high school education, 3.59 per cent of them had PUC education, and 5.64 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of the households were practicing agriculture, 11.76 per cent of the household heads were general labourers and 2.94 percent of the households were housewife. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 48.72 per cent of the household members, 6.67 per cent were general labourers, 0.51 per cent were private service, 10.26 per cent of them were in student, 26.15 per cent of them were housewife and 3.59 per cent of them were children. The results show that 99.49 per cent of the population did not participate in any local organization and only 1 person was a member of cooperative bank. The results indicate that 85.29 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 14.71 per cent of them possess pucca house. The results shows that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 11.76 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 23.53 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 100 per cent of the households mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs.8647, mixer grinder was Rs.1925, motor cycle was Rs.62875 and mobile phone was Rs.2280. About 20.59 per cent of the households possess plough, 23.53 per cent of them possess bullock cart, 2.94 per cent of them possess sprayer, and 20.59 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.3414, the average value of sprayer was Rs.7500, the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18875, and the average value of weeder was Rs.91. The results indicate that, 35.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.76 per cent of the households possess local cow, and 2.94 per cent of the households possess buffalo and goat. 2 The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.65, average own labour (women) available was 1.90, average hired labour (men) available was 10.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.42. The results indicate that, 88.24 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. 100 per cent of marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers who responded to the question answered that hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Khanapura Hosalli-2 micro watershed possess 24.39 ha (75.17%) of dry land and 8.06 ha (24.83%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.90 ha (100%) of dry land. Small possess 6.88 (83.95%) of dry land and 1.74 ha (16.81%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.61 ha (83.19%) of dry land and 1.74 ha (16.81%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The average value of dry land was Rs. 512363.09 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 322551.48. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 820336.67 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 450411.77 for dry land and Rs. 608000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 243750 for dry land and Rs. 344651.15 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 239805.82 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, small farmers had irrigated area of 1.32 hectares, semi medium farmers had 1.63 hectares and medium farmers had 5 hectares of irrigated land. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (9.97 ha), Greengram (1.21 ha), groundnut (14.36 ha), paddy (0.51 ha), and redgram (7.51 ha). Marginal farmers had grown cotton, groundnut and redgram. Small farmers had grown cotton, greengram, paddy and redgram. Semi medium farmers had grown cotton and groundnut and medium farmers had grown groundnut only. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Khanapura Hosalli-2 micro watershed was found to be 100 per cent. The results indicate that, 88.24 per cent of the households in the micro watershed possess bank account and savings. This included 100 per cent of marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers. Landless farmers did not possess any bank account. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 58847.46. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76895.28. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 18047.82, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.31. 3 The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 90161.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 151731.12. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 61569.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.68. The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 61002.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75056.91. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 14054.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 141572.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 173888. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 32315.94. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23. The total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 27216.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from greengram cultivation was Rs. 46883, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.72. The results indicate that, 35.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. The data also revealed that 32.35 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder is adequate. The average annual gross income in case of landless farmers was Rs.85000, in case of marginal farmers it was Rs. 113281, in case of small farmers it was Rs. 135071, in case of semi medium farmers it was Rs. 300000 and in case of medium farmers it was Rs. 287000. The results indicated that, in case of landless farmers the average annual expenditure was Rs. 7500, in case of marginal farmers it was Rs. 5798.83, in case of small farmers it was Rs. 7127.98, in case of semi medium farmers it was Rs. 28800, and for medium farmers it was Rs.48000. The results indicated that, greengram, groundnut, paddy and redgram were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Cotton was sold to the extent of 80.65 per cent. About 88.24 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants which include 100 per cent of the marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers. The results indicated that 11.76 per cent of the households have used cart as mode of transport and 76.47 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transport. The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have shown interest in soil testing. The results indicated that, dung cake was the source of fuel for 2.94 per cent of the households, fire wood was the source of fuel for 91.18 per cent of the households and LPG was the source of fuel for 5.88 per cent of the households. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. 4 The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for all the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 25 per cent of landless, 37.50 per cent of marginal, 28.57 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium, and 100 per cent of medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility. 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 91.18 per cent of the households in the micro watershed participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 76.47 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 35.29 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 26.47 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 26.47 per cent, fruits were adequate for 20.59 per cent, milk was adequate for 76.47 per cent, egg were adequate for 79.41 per cent and meat was adequate for 76.47 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 88.24 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (88.24%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (23.53%), inadequacy of irrigation water (23.53%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.29%), high rate of interest on credit (79.41%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.29 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (73.53%), inadequate extension services (8.82%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (82.35%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.131 & 33. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/44071 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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