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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT KANAKAPURA-1 (4D3A9C3d) MICRO WATERSHED Kasaba Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Kanakapura-1 (4D3A9C3d) Microwatershed, Kasaba Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ .388 ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.149 & 45. |
Series/Report no.: | 388; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Kanakapura-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 410 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 79 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by rock outcrops, 14 per cent by mining/industrial, 1 per cent by railway and 5 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 16 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 6 Land Management Units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area of about 79 per cent is suitable for agriculture. About 5 per cent of the soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm), 47 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm) and 26 per cent soils are very deep (>150 cm). About 8 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 27 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 44 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 61 per cent area has non-gravelly (<15% gravel) soils, 18 per cent has gravelly (15-30%) soils and <1 per cent area has extremely gravelly (60-80%) soils. About 59 per cent area is very low to low (<50-100 mm/m), 6 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 13 per cent area is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 21 per cent area of the microwatershed is nearly level (0-1% slope) lands, 54 per cent area of the microwatershed is very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 4 per cent area of microwatershed is gently sloping (3-5% slope) lands. An area of about 29 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 50 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded. An area of about 69 per cent soil are moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.8-9.0) and 10 per cent soil are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1 indicating that the soils are non-saline. Organic carbon is medium (0.5-0.75%) in 28 per cent area and high (>0.75%) in 51 per cent area. An area of about 14 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 64 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 51 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 28 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in 1 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 78 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area about 41 per cent, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 38 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in <1 per cent area of the microwatershed. An area of about 58 per cent is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 21 per cent is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in available iron content. Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in available manganese content. Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content. Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in available zinc content. The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 18(4) 103(25) Sapota 18(4) 84(20) Maize 18(4) 113(27) Pomegranate 18(4) 138(34) Bajra 21(5) 148(36) Guava 16(4) 85(21) Groundnut - 183(45) Jackfruit 18(4) 84(20) Sunflower 18(4) 102(25) Jamun 2(<1) 154(13) Cotton 2(<1) 119(29) Musambi 18(4) 138(34) Red gram 18(4) 102(25) Lime 18(4) 138(34) Bengalgram 54(13) 70(17) Cashew 16(4) 108(26) Chilli 21(5) 46(11) Custard apple 21(5) 276(67) Tomato 21(5) 46(11) Amla 21(5) 276(67) Brinjal 64(16) 216(52) Tamarind 2(<1) 115(28) Onion 61(15) 219(53) Marigold 18(4) 104(25) Bhendi 61(15) 219(53) Chrysanthemum 18(4) 104(25) Drumstick 18(4) 217(53) Jasmine 18(4) 50(12) Mulberry 18(4) 275(67) Crossandra 18(4) 49(12) Mango 2(<1) 61(15) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 94 (53.11%) men and 83 (46.89%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 5, marginal farmers’ was 4.08, small farmers’ was 3.60, semi medium farmers’ was 5.10 and medium farmers’ was 7.50. The data indicated that, 27 (15.25%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 90 (50.85%) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (27.12%) were in 36-60 years of age and 6 (6.78%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Kanakapura-1 had 32.20 per cent illiterates, 20.34 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.34 per cent of them had middle school education, 20.34 per cent of them had high school education, 9.60 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.82 per cent of them had ITI, 3.95 per cent had degree education, 0.56 per cent of master and 2.82 per cent others. The results indicate that, 91.89 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 8.11 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture labour. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 40.68 per cent of the household members, 21.47 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.56 per cent of the households industry, 2.82 per cent were in private service, 23.16 per cent were in students, 6.78 per cent were housewives and 2.26 per cent were in children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that, 51.35 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 8.11 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 40.54 per cent of them possess semi pacca house The results show that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 48.65 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 8.11 per cent of them possess bicycle, 45.95 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 45.95 per cent of them possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,299, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,625, bicycle was 1,000, motor cycle was Rs. 47,352, and mobile phone was Rs. 2,078. About 8.11 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.70 per cent of them power tiller, 5.41 per cent of them tractor, 2.70 per cent of them possess sprayer and 37.84 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of plough was Rs. 1,400, power tiller was Rs. 200000, tractor was Rs. 550,000, sprayer was Rs. 5000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.29. 2 The results indicate that, 18.92 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 29.73 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.11 per cent possess crossbreed cow and buffalo respectively and 2.70 per cent possess sheep. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.31, average own labour (women) available was 1.27, average hired labour (men) available was 3.41 and average hired labour (women) available was 2.92. The results indicate that, households of the Kanakapura-1 micro-watershed possess 11.55 ha (31.70%) of dry land and 24.87 ha (68.30%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.70 ha (71.91%) of dry land and 2.23(28.09%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 3.78 ha (77.92%) of dry land and 1.07 ha (22.08%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.06 ha (13.81%) of dry land and 12.88 ha (86.19%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.70 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 701,261.82 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 548,576.31. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 929,758.50 for dry land and Rs. 1,482,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 554,759.35 for dry land and Rs. 1,398,113.16 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 339,019.61 for dry land and Rs. 454,101.20 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 344,811.54 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 16 functioning bore wells and 1de-functioning bore well in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, there were 5 functioning Open wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well and open wells were the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 43.24 per cent and 13.51per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 35.29 meters and Open well was found to be 3.38 meters. The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.70 ha, 1.07 ha, 11.51ha and 10.76 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (12.13 ha), bajra (4.75 ha), cotton (4.21ha), sunflower (3.7 ha), redgram (2.24 ha), sugarcane (2.11 ha), cow pea (2.06 ha), greengram (0.85 ha), paddy (0.81), sorghum (0.81), groundnut (0.46ha), onion (0.4ha) and tomato (0.4 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, redgram, greengram, sorghum and groundnut. Small farmers have grown bajra, maize, sunflower, redgram and onion. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, cotton, maize, sunflower, sugarcane, greengram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown bajra, sunflower, maize, cowpea and sugarcane. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kanakapura-1 micro-watershed was found to be 87.86 per cent. 3 The results show that 13.51 per cent of the households possess bank account and saving. The results show that 5.41 per cent of the households possess borrowing status. The results show that 25 per cent for friends/ relative and 75 per cent for Grameena bank of the households possess credit availed. The results show that Rs.51250 of the households average credit amount status. The results show that among 100 per cent of the households purpose of credit borrowed - Institutional credit for agricultural production. The results show that among 100 per cent of the households purpose of credit borrowed - private credit for agricultural production. The results show that 100 per cent of the households helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The results show that 100 per cent of the households helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 37230.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46287.02. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 9056.77. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.24. The total cost of cultivation for bajra+redgram was Rs. 19640.10. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31238.23. The net income from bajra+redgram cultivation was Rs. 11598.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.59. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 60582.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59800.00. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -782.20. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.99. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 41256.23The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50093.01. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 8836.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.21. The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 35927.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47954.59. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 12027.35. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.33. The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 87301.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 168979.36. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 81678.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.94. The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 80494.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55575.00. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. -24919.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.69. The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 55759.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49400. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. - 6359.25.Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.89. 4 The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 23473.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29640.00.The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 6166.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.26. The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 47588.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63232.00. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 15643.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.33. The total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 22280.33 gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29640.00. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 7359.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.33. The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 7811.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 7278.98. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. -532.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.93. The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 48836. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49111.08. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 275.07. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01. The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 22275.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 60206.25The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 37931.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.7. The results indicate that, 29.73 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and 21.62 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 46,000.00 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 51,915.38, for small farmers it was Rs. 66,200, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 91,700 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 62,750. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,560.36. For landless households it was Rs. 3,480, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,494.87, for small farmers it was Rs. 10,260, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,310 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 21,375. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 90 coconut and13 mango trees in their field and 3 coconut and 1 mango trees in backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 2 cashew and 57 neem, 1tamarind and 11banyan trees in their field. The results indicated that, cotton sugarcane and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent, tomato was sold to the extent of 93.33 per cent, bajra was sold to the extent of 71.55 per cent, redgram was sold to the extent of 62.96 per cent, greengram ground nut was sold extent of 50 per cent paddy was sold to 45 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 16.67 per cent. The results indicated that, about 62.16 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders. 37.84 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 27.03 per cent of them sold their produce through regulated market. 5 The results indicated that, 21.62 per cent of the households used head load, 29.53 per cent of the households used cart and 75.68 per cent of them used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 10.81 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 18.92 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 89.19 per cent of the households used firewood and 13.51 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 45.95 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 48.65 per cent of the households and 2.70 per cent of the households used Canal/Nala in micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 97.30 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 45.95 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 89.19 per cent of the sampled household’s possessed BPL card and 10.81 per cent not possessed card. The results indicated that, 54.05 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.89 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 70.27 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 27.03 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 45.95 per cent, fruits were adequate for 54.05 per cent, milk was adequate for 72.97 per cent and meat was adequate for 54.05 per cent. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 8.11 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 29.73 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 70.27 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 54.05 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 35.14 per cent, milk were inadequate for 16.22 per cent, egg was inadequate for 37.84per cent and meat were inadequate for 35.14 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 59.46 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (43.24%),frequent incidence of pest and diseases (56.76%), inadequacy of irrigation water (16.22%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (54.05%), high rate of interest on credit and lack of marketing facilities in the area (48.65%), low price for the agricultural commodities (27.03%),inadequate extension services (16.22%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (51.35%), less rainfall (51.35%) and source of Agri-technology information (24.32%) . |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.149 & 45. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/44082 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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