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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HATTI-1 (4D4A2Q2a) MICRO WATERSHED Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Hatti- 1 (4D4A2Q2a) Microwatershed, Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.384, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.143 & 37. |
Series/Report no.: | 384; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Hatti-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 555 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and 1 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 12 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 1 per cent of the soils are shallow (50-75 cm), 40 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 30 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 28 per cent area has deep (100-150 cm) soils. About 85 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and 14 per cent loamy soils at the surface. About 19 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils, 52 per cent gravelly (15-35 % gravel), 25 per cent very gravelly (35-60%) and 3 per cent extremely gravelly (60-80%) soils. About 36 per cent are very low (<50 mm/m), 48 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) and 15 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 3 per cent is nearly sloping (0-1%) and 96 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 69 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 30 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 10 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 41 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4) and 49 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is <2 dS m-1 and as such the soils are non-saline. Organic carbon is low (<0.5%) in about <1 per cent and 99 per cent of the soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon. Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in about 99 per cent area of the microwatershed. About 28 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 72 per cent soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 51 per cent and high (>320 ppm) in 48 per cent soils. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 78 per cent area and 22 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm). Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 60 per cent and 39 per cent area is deficient (<4.5 ppm). Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 24 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in about 75 per cent area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 71 (13) 247 (44) Sapota 68 (12) 31 (6) Maize 58 (10) 260 (47) Pomegranate 68 (12) 49 (9) Bajra 70 (13) 267 (48) Musambi 68 (12) 49 (9) Groundnut 55 (10) 323 (58) Lime 68 (12) 49 (9) Sunflower 55 (10) 62 (11) Amla 99 (18) 427 (77) Red gram 55 (10) 99 (18) Cashew 2 (<1) 143 (26) Bengalgram 13 (2) 309 (56) Jackfruit 68 (12) 31 (6) Cotton 13 (2) 340 (61) Jamun - 97 (17) Chilli 58 (10) 242 (44) Custard apple 113 (20) 414 (75) Tomato 58 (10) 242 (44) Tamarind - 68 (12) Brinjal 44 (8) 428 (77) Mulberry 68 (12) 270 (49) Onion - 440 (80) Marigold 58 (10) 260 (47) Bhendi - 458 (83) Chrysanthemum 58 (10) 260 (47) Drumstick 68 (12) 137 (25) Jasmine 58 (10) 242 (44) Mango - 68 (12) Crossandra 58 (10) 278 (50) Guava 55 (10) 44 (8) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 104 (57.46%) men and 77 (42.54%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers’ was 4, small farmers’ was 4.8, semi medium farmers’ was 5, medium farmers’ was 5.5 and large farmers’ was 6. The data indicated that, 31 (17.13%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 78 (43.09%) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (26.52%) were in 36-60 years of age and 24 (13.26%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Hatti-1 had 33.15 per cent illiterates, 1.66 per cent functional literates, 32.04 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.60 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.26 per cent of them had high school education, 2.21 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.55 per cent did ITI and 3.31 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 94.74 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 5.26 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.63 per cent were in private service. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 60.22 per cent of the household members, 12.71 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.31 per cent were general labourers, 3.31 per cent were in private service, 16.02 per cent were students and 2.76 per cent were children. The results show that, 0.55 per cent of the households participated in raitha sangha and 99.45 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 89.47 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 2.63 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 7.89 per cent of them possess semi pucca house. The results show that 2.63 per cent of the households possess radio, 84.21 per cent of the households possess TV, 36.84 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.63 per cent of them possess refrigerator, 47.37 per cent possess bicycle, 34.21 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 89.47 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of radio was Rs.1,000, television was Rs.6,125, mixer grinder was Rs.1,583, refrigerator was Rs.6,000, bicycle was Rs.1,080, motor cycle was Rs. 36,428 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,511. About 18.42 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 18.42 per cent of them possess plough, 7.89 per cent of them possess tractor, 2.63 per cent possess thresher, 10.53 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.63 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 18.42 per cent of them possess weeder. 2 The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,000, plough was Rs. 1,337, tractor was Rs. 500,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,000, thresher was Rs.5,000, chaff cutter was Rs.3,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.50. The results indicate that, 23.68 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 23.68 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.63 per cent possess crossbred cow, 13.16 per cent possess buffalo, 13.16 per cent of the households possess sheep and 10.53 per cent possess goat. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.87, average own labour (women) available was 1.50, average hired labour (men) available was 4.86 and average hired labour (women) available was 4.77. The results indicate that, 89.47 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Hatti-1 micro-watershed possess 44.23 ha (72.31%) of dry land and 16.93 ha (27.69%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.91 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 15.57 ha (90.58%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (9.42%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.09 ha (77.40%) of dry land and 2.36 ha (22.60%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 14.65 ha (75.10%) of dry land and 4.86 ha (24.90%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 8.09 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 363,222.02 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 413,240.92. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 743,874.04 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 327,450.03 for dry land and Rs. 555,750 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 255,645 for dry land and Rs. 422,945.19 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 266,104.97 for dry land and Rs. 267,583.33 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 469,300. The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 10.53 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 3.63 meters. The results indicate that semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.27 ha. The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (4.17 ha), bengalgram (5.02 ha), chilly (0.81 ha), cotton (1.26 ha), Greengram (30.74 ha), groundnut (0.81 ha), jowar (2.12 ha), maize (5.85 ha), onion (2.83 ha) and sunflower (1.72 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, Greengram, groundnut, jowar, maize and sunflower. Small farmers have grown bajra, chilly, cotton, groundnut, maize and 3 onion. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, Bengalgram, groundnut and maize. Medium farmers have grown bajra, Bengalgram, Greengram, groundnut and maize. Large farmers have grown maize and sunflower. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hatti-1 micro-watershed was found to be 75.38 per cent. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 33255.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28782.57. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -4472.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.87. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 38493.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11121.88. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -27371.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.29. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27554.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21962.28. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -5592.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.8. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 28703.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 8346.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 31782.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28208.89. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. -3573.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.89. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 15212.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 8910.30. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. -6302.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.59. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 30106.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32110. The net income from greengram cultivation was Rs. 2003.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.07. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 30562.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22641.67. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -7920.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 19418.43. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from 4 chilly cultivation was Rs. 17631.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91. The results indicate that, 31.58 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate for 36.84 per cent of the households. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 24,325 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 81,992.31, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 65,016.67, for medium farmers it was Rs. 20,775 and for large farmers it was Rs. 126,430. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 11,398.17. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,179.86, for small farmers it was Rs. 17,940.17, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 14,111.11, for medium farmers it was Rs. 12,250 and for large farmers it was Rs. 13,361.11. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 81 coconut trees, 6 mango trees and 5 lime trees in their field. Also, farmers have grown 6 coconut trees in their backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 50 eucalyptus trees, 50 teak trees, 172 neem trees, 7 tamarind trees, 1 acacia tree, 11 banyan trees and 1 peepul tree in their field. Also, 1 neem tree in their backyard. The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent except cotton, groundnut and maize which were sold to the extent of 90 per cent, 95 per cent and 98.58 per cent respectively. The results indicated that, about 13.16 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 2.63 per cent of the farmers sold in regulated markets and 115.79 per cent of them sold their produce through local/village merchants. The results indicated that, 89.47 per cent of the households used cart, 39.47 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.63 per cent of them used head load as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 10.53 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 42.11 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 5.26 per cent have also used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 68.42 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 7.89 per cent, open well was the source of drinking water for 7.89 per cent and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 15.79 per cent of the households in micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 5 The results indicated that, 44.74 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.37 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 2.63 per cent of them possess APL card and 2.63 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card. The results indicated that, 39.47 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.37 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.74 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 34.21 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 23.68 per cent, fruits were adequate for 13.16 per cent, milk was adequate for 50 per cent, eggs were adequate for 50 per cent and meat was adequate for 34.21 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.63 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 5.26 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 57.89 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 76.32 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 81.58 per cent, milk was inadequate for 44.74 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 44.74 per cent and meat was inadequate for 50 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 7.89 per cent of the households and milk was market surplus for 2.63 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 68.42 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (81.58%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.42%), inadequacy of irrigation water (44.74%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (52.63%), high rate of interest on credit (44.74%), low price for the agricultural commodities (44.74%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (39.47%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (36.84%), inadequate extension services (15.79%), less rainfall (50%) and source of agritechnology information (18.42%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.143 & 37. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/44088 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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