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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT CHINTAKLAPALLI-2 (4D5B6A2e) MICROWATERSHED Gurumitkal Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C.,B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C.,B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Chintalapali-2 (4D2D6A2e) Microwatershed, Gurmitkal Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.336, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.119 & 30. |
Series/Report no.: | 336; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Chintalpalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 224 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 224 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 0.17 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 3 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 84 per cent area of soil is deep (100-150 cm) and 16 per cent area is very deep (>150 cm) in the microwatershed. About 20 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 80 per cent soil clayey at the surface. Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (<15%). Entire area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 52 per cent area in the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 48 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 52 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded and 48 per cent area is moderately (e3) eroded. An area of about 84 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in soil reaction and 16 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 - 7.8). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 17 per cent of the soils are low (<0.50%) in organic carbon content and 83 per cent of the soils are medium (>0.50-0.75%). Entire area of the microwatershed is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content. About 13 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 87 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha). Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in an area of about 83 per cent and medium (10 -20 ppm) in 17 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of about 3 per cent and 97 per cent is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm). Available iron is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 180 (80) Guava - - Maize - 180 (80) Sapota - - Bajra - 180 (80) Pomegranate - 180 (80) Groundnut - - Musambi - 180 (80) Sunflower - 180 (80) Lime - 180 (80) Redgram - 180 (80) Amla - - Bengal gram - 180 (80) Cashew - - Cotton - 180 (80) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 180 (80) Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - 180 (80) Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - 180 (80) Marigold - 180 (80) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 180 (80) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 79 (57.25%) men and 59 (42.75%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4.4, marginal farmers’ was 3.8, small farmers’ was 3 and semi medium farmers’ was 4. The data indicated that, 17 (12.32 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 71 (51.45 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 40 (28.99 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (7.25 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Chintalpalli-2 had 64.49 per cent illiterates, 10.87 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.17 per cent of them had middle school education, 5.07 per cent of them had high school education, 6.52 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.72 per cent of them possess diploma, 4.35 per cent them possess degree and 1.45 per cent had masters education. The results indicate that, 81.58 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 13.16 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborer and 2.63 per cent were general labour. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 67.39 per cent of the household members, 13.77 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.90 per cent were general laborers, 0.72 per cent were in government service, 7.97 per cent were students, 2.90 per cent were in housewives and 4.35 per cent were children. The results show that, 0.72 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in raitha sangha and 98.55 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 7.89 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 71.05 per cent of them possess Katcha house and 21.05 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 76.32 per cent of the households possess TV, 26.32 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder and motor cycle, 2.63 per cent of the households possess refrigerator and 92.11 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,775, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,500, motor cycle was Rs. 54,100, refrigerator was Rs. 8,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,215. About 15.79 per cent of the households possess plough, 10.53 per cent of them possess plough, 5.26 per cent of them possess tractor, 13.26 per cent of them possess sprayer and weeder and 7.89 per cent of them possess harvester and chaff cutter. 2 The result shows that, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,000, plough was Rs. 1,285, Tractor was Rs. 625,000, sprayer was Rs. 4,400, weeder was Rs. 225, harvester was Rs. 142 and chaff cutter was Rs. 150. The results indicate that, 15.79 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 5.26 per cent of the households possess local cow and 21.05 per cent of the households possess buffalo. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.36, average own labour (women) available was 1.29, average hired labour (men) available was 7.21 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.18. The results indicate that, 86.84 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Chintalpalli-2 micro-watershed possess 27.02 ha (94.35%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (5.65%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 11.85 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.14 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (55.56 %) of dry land and 1.62 ha (44.44 %) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 880,055.42 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 432,250. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,373,721.42 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 494,304.19 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 494,000 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 432,250 of irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning and de-functioning bore well in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.56 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 2.57 meters. The results indicate that marginal and semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha, respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (6.16 ha), onion (1.62 ha), red gram (18.40 ha) and sorghum (0.40 ha). The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chintalpalli-2 micro-watershed was found to be 97.04 per cent. The results indicate that, 68.42 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 68.42 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 31781.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86783.85. The net income from 3 cotton cultivation was Rs. 55002.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.73. The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 21936.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 839800. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 817863.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:38.28. The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 90283.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 162531.76. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 72248.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.8. The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 58757.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 148200. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 89442.26. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.52. The results indicate that, 44.74 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and 10.53 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 44,200 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 109,045.45, for small farmers it was Rs. 133,777.78 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 86,500. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,234.12. For landless households it was Rs. 18,400, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,010.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,618.83 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,550. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 6 coconut and mango trees in their field and also 9 coconut and 2 mango trees in their backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 2 cashew, 7 teak, 71 neem, 5 tamarind,1 pongalmia and 4 banyan trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,973.68 for land development. The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 47.37 per cent for land development and soft loan was the source of additional investment for 5.26 per cent for land development. The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 83.75 per cent, onion was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 83.85 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 93.33 per cent. The results indicated that, about 86.84 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants. The results indicated that, 86.84 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 84.21 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 86.84 per cent have shown interest in soil test. 4 The results indicated that, 92.11 per cent of the households used firewood and 10.53 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.74 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 31.58 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 94.74 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses and oilseed were adequate for 97.37 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 76.32 per cent, milk was adequate for 92.11 per cent and eggs were adequate for 15.79 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses and oilseed were inadequate for 2.63 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 23.68 per cent, fruits was inadequate for 100 per cent, milk were inadequate for 5.26 per cent, egg were inadequate for 5.26 per cent and meat were inadequate for 97.37 per cent. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 94.74 per cent of the households and wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (89.47%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (2.63%), high rate of interest on credit (86.84%), low price for the agricultural commodities (84.21%), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (81.58%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agril produce to the market (68.42%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.119 & 30. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/44114 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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