Adsorption–desorption of metolachlor and atrazine in Indian soils: effect of fly ash amendment

Abstract

The effect of two fly ashes as soil amendment on the adsorption–desorption of metolachlor [2 - chloro - N - (2 - ethyl - 6 - methylphenyl) - N - (2 - methoxy - 1 - methylphenyl)] and atrazine (2 - chloro - 4 - ethylamino - 6 - isopropylamino - 1,3,5 - triazine) was studied in alluvial and laterite soils. The adsorption data for both the herbicides fitted well the Freundlich equation, and Freundlich adsorption coefficient (Kf) increased with an increase of fly ash amount. Both the fly ashes differed in their extent to increase herbicide sorption, and the effect was different in different soils. Atrazine was sorbed more in the soils/soils+fly ash mixtures than the metolachlor. The Kf values showed significant correlation with the amount of fly ash amendment (correlation coefficient, R>0.982). The desorption isotherms also fitted the Freundlich equation, and desorption showed hysteresis which increased with an increase in the content of fly ash amendment. The free energy change (ΔG) indicated that the sorption process is exothermic, spontaneous, and physical in nature. The study has shown that fly ash as soil amendment significantly increased the sorption of metolachlor and atrazine, but the effect is soil - and fly ash - specific.