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DC Field | Value | Language |
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dc.contributor.author | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh | en_US |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-07-24T13:30:39Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2021-07-24T13:30:39Z | - |
dc.date.issued | 2019-12-31 | - |
dc.identifier.citation | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Anekatte (4D3D8G2d) Microwatershed, Chikkanayakanahalli Taluk, Tumkur District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.146, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.123 & 33. | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | Not Available | - |
dc.identifier.uri | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/49929 | - |
dc.description | Not Available | en_US |
dc.description.abstract | The land resource inventory of Anekatte Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and behavior, use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 544 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and 3 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 10 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and six land use classes. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of July to 3rd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area of about 97 per cent in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and three per cent not suitable for agriculture. About 60 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 32 per cent moderately deep (75-100cm) and 5 per cent moderately shallow (50-75%) soils. About 25 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 65 per cent loamy soils and 7 per cent sandy soils. About 38 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 12 per cent gravelly (15-35%) and 48 per cent very gravelly to extremely gravelly (35-80%) soils. About 59 per cent has soils that are very low (<50mm/m) to low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity, 12 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 26 per cent very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 92 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) and 5 per cent gently sloping (3-5%) lands. An area of about 52 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 45 per cent moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 21 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) to moderately acid, 36 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 40 per cent slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 50 per cent of the soils are low (<0.5%) and 48 per cent soils are medium (0.5- 0.75%) in organic carbon. About 88 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 9 per cent high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 9 per cent of the soils are low (<145 kg/ha), medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 65 per cent and 24 per cent of the soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 28 per cent area, low (<10ppm) in 5 per cent and medium (10-20 ppm) in about 64 per cent area. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 96 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in one per cent area. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in about 93 per cent area and deficient (<4.5ppm) in 4 per cent area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in about 60 per cent area and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 37 per cent area. The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 71 (13) 158 (29) Guava 46 (9) 221 (41) Fodder Sorghum 71 (13) 158 (29) Pomegranate 71 (13) 172 (32) Maize - 133 (24) Banana 71 (13) 172 (32) Upland paddy 71 (13) 195 (36) Jackfruit 71 (13) 84 (15) Finger millet 71 (13) 138 (25) Jamun 71 (13) 135 (25) Redgram 71 (13) 197 (36) Musambi 71 (13) 172 (32) Horse gram 96 (18) 331 (61) Lime 71 (13) 172 (32) Field bean 71 (13) 197 (36) Cashew 46 (9) 100 (18) Cowpea 71 (13) 197 (36) Custard apple 71 (13) 356 (65) Groundnut - 305 (56) Amla 71 (13) 356 (65) Sunflower 71 (13) 133 (24) Tamarind 71 (13) 135 (25) Onion 24 (4) 147 (27) Marigold 71 (13) 197 (36) Chilli 71 (13) 197 (36) Chrysanthemum 71 (13) 197 (36) Brinjal 71 (13) 197 (36) Jasmine 71 (13) 197 (36) Tomato 71 (13) 197 (36) Coconut 46 (9) 100 (18) Mango 71 (13) 135 (25) Arecanut 46 (9) 100 (18) Sapota 71 (13) 76 (14) Mulberry - (2200) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food,fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Anekatte micro-watershed (Anekatte sub watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13024’ – 13026’ North latitudes and 76031’ – 76035’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 544.32 ha, bounded by Aralikere, Kallenahalli, Navule, Gowdanahalli, Kurubarahalli and Bevinahalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Anekatte Microwatershed (Anekatte sub watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 52 to 48 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 48 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 89 per cent. Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) and other backward caste (OBC) is around 10 and 40 per cent, respectively. Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 60 per cent. About 60 per cent of households have Yashaswini health card. Majority of farm households (70 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70 per cent of sample households. Women participation in decisions making are around 10 per cent of households. 2 Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 0.92 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 45.8 % and irrigated land 54.2 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 9 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 85.0 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 85481 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 10623 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having plough and weeder (74 %). The average value of livestock is around Rs. 28125 per household; about 82.3 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 681.5 grams (1600.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs.25693 per household. About 20 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1272 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 584 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 309005 per year for the total area of 544.32 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 11804/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 40596) followed by horse gram (Rs. 15989), sorghum (Rs. 11528), ragi (Rs. 5593), green gram (Rs. 4778), maize (Rs. 2562) and sesamum (Rs. 1579). The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2413/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 5273) followed by ragi (Rs. 2489), horse gram (Rs. 1466), and sorghum (Rs. 423). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 3 67233) followed by sorghum (Rs 53775), green gram (Rs. 35719), maize (Rs. 33063), horse gram (Rs. 23761) and ragi (Rs. 11418). Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is horse gram (24.7 %) followed by maize (14.4 %), green gram (11.8 %), ragi (31.0 %), red gram (3.3 %), sesamum (3.3%) and sorghum (11.5 %). In Anekatte micro-watershed, major soil is alluvial landscape of Bidanagere (BDG) series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 14.11 of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing ragi (50 %) red gram (50 %).Hooradhahalli (HDH) are also having moderately deep soil depth cover around 16.9 % of area, the crops are green gram (14.2 %), ragi (65.3 %) and sesamum (20.4 %). Mukhadahalli (BPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 22.25 % of areas, crops are green gram (11.1 %), horse gram (38.8 %), ragi (11.1 %) and sorghum (38.8 %). Ravanaki (LGD) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 17.62 % of area, crops are green gram (12 %), horse gram (38 %), and ragi (5.0 %). Kadagathur (KDT) soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around 8.5 % of area; the major crops are horse gram (33.3 %), maize (33.3%) and ragi (33.3 %). Ranatur (RTR) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 4.4 % of area, the major crop grown is green gram (50 %) and maize (50 %). The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for green gram ranges between Rs.107918/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.53) and Rs.22068/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.34). In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 98303/ha in LGD soil (with of 1.05) and Rs.10268/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.73). In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 22616/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.53) and Rs. 16591/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 2.38). In maize the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 51788/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.28) and Rs. 49867/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.17). In sesamum the cost of cultivation in HDH soil is Rs.39168 /ha (with BCR of 1.51) In red gram the cost of cultivation in BDG soil is Rs. 47969/ha (with BCR of 1.80) and sorghum the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs.20230/ha (with BCR of 2.27). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. 4 It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in ragi (83.3 to 59.5 %), green gram (58.7 to 42.2 %), maize (60.8 to 70.4 %), horse gram (13.2 %), sorghum (28.4 %) and sesamum (11.4 %). | en_US |
dc.description.sponsorship | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project | en_US |
dc.language.iso | English | en_US |
dc.publisher | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) | en_US |
dc.relation.ispartofseries | 82; | - |
dc.subject | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project | en_US |
dc.title | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT ANEKATTE (4D3D8G2d) MICROWATERSHED Chikkanayakanahalli Taluk, Tumkur District, Karnataka | en_US |
dc.title.alternative | Not Available | en_US |
dc.type | Project Report | en_US |
dc.publication.projectcode | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.journalname | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.volumeno | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.pagenumber | p.123 & 33 | en_US |
dc.publication.divisionUnit | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru | en_US |
dc.publication.sourceUrl | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.authorAffiliation | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning | en_US |
dc.ICARdataUseLicence | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf | en_US |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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82.Anekatte (4D3D8G2d).pdf | 17.15 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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