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DC Field | Value | Language |
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dc.contributor.author | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh | en_US |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-07-24T13:38:26Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2021-07-24T13:38:26Z | - |
dc.date.issued | 2019-12-31 | - |
dc.identifier.citation | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of PInnenahalli (4B3D3R1a) Microwatershed, Gubbi Taluk, Tumkur District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.100 ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.101& 31. | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | Not Available | - |
dc.identifier.uri | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/49944 | - |
dc.description | Not Available | en_US |
dc.description.abstract | The land resource inventory of Pinnenahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 472 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and one per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 6 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 78 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 16 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm) and 5 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm). About 16 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 83 per cent loamy soils. About 47 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils (<15%) and 52 per cent of the area has gravelly to very gravelly (15-60%). Maximum area of about 57 per cent are low (51-100 mm/m, 16 per cent very low (<50 mm/m) and an area of about 25 per cent has very high (>200 mm/m) available water capacity. About 99 per cent of the area has gently sloping (1-3%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 67 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 32 per cent moderately eroded (e2). Maximum area of about 79 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic to strongly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) and 20 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 91 per cent of the soils are low (<0.5%) and 7 per cent soils are medium (0.5- 0.75%) in available organic carbon. Entire area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 3 per cent of the soils are low (<145 kg/ha), medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 86 per cent area and 9 per cent of the soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 4 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in an area of 94 per cent. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in maximum area about 66 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 33 per cent area. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 63 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 36 per cent of soils of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 119 (25) 24 (5) Guava 109 (23) 216 (46) Fodder Sorghum 119 (25) 24 (5) Pomegranate 109 (23) 9(2) Maize - 133 (28) Banana 109 (23) 9(2) Upland paddy 109 (23) 109 (23) Jackfruit 109 (23) - Finger millet 109 (23) 100 (21) Jamun 109 (23) 9(2) Redgram 109 (23) 33 (7) Musambi 119 (25) - Horse gram 133 (28) 332 (71) Lime 119 (25) - Field bean 109 (23) 33 (7) Cashew 109 (23) - Cowpea 109 (23) 33 (7) Custard apple 119 (25 ) - Groundnut - 456 (97) Amla 119 (25 ) - Sunflower 119 (25) - Tamarind 109 (23) 9(2) Onion - 133 (28) Marigold 119 (25) 55 (12) Chilli 119 (25) 24 (5) Chrysanthemum 119 (25) 55 (12) Brinjal 119 (25) 24 (5) Jasmine 119 (25) 55 (12) Tomato 119 (25) 24 (5) Coconut 109 (23) - Mango 109 (23) - Arecanut 109 (23) - Sapota 109 (23) - Mulbery - 324 (69) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Pinnenahalli Microwatershed (Tyagatur sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13027’ – 13028’ North latitudes and 76049’ – 76052’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 471.74 ha, bounded by Pinnenahalli, Karegondanahalli, Kempanahalli, Varthikatte, Maddenahalli and Jogihalli villages with an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Pinnenahalli Microwatershed in Gubbi taluk and Tumkur district are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 56.8 to 43.2 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 63.6 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 84.1 per cent. Social groups belong to general category of all sample households. Liquefied petroleum gas (LGP) is the source of energy for a cooking of all sample households. About 30 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Majority of farm households (20.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on rations cards for food grains through public distribution system about 80.0 percent of farm households. Swachha bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 50.0 per cent of sample households. Institutional participation is only 13.6 per cent of sample households. Women participation in decisions making are around 45 per cent of sample household. Economic Indicators; 2 The average land holding is 0.55 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal farmers. The dry land of 90.3 % and irrigated land 9.7 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 59.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour services is main occupation for 2.3 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 52198 households. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs.70579 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers having plough and tractor. The average value livestock of is around Rs.14380 per household, about 75 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 478.1 grams (1188.29) kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs. 37269 per household. About 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.749. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 471 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 219334 per year for the total area of 471.7 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 20287 /ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 62915) followed by red gram (Rs. 20804), sorghum (Rs. 16238), horse gram (Rs. 10607), green gram (Rs. 7117) and ragi (Rs. 4039). The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2193/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in ragi (Rs. 3850) followed by sorghum (Rs. 2198), green gram (Rs. 1611) and horse gram (Rs. 1112). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water coconut (Rs. 305755), red gram (Rs. 57220), sorghum (Rs. 51041), green gram (Rs. 37082), horse gram (Rs. 22808) and ragi (Rs 15041). 3 Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is coconut (57.3 %) followed by ragi (33.7 %), red gram (13.9 %), sorghum (7.0 %), green gram (6.8 %) and horse gram (5.9 %). In Pinnenahalli micro-watershed, major soil are soils of granite gneiss landscape of Kethanapura (KTP) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5.0 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing ragi. Bidanagere (BDG) is also having moderately deep soil depth cover 16.1% of area, the crops are ragi (50 %) and sorghum (50 %). Balapur (BPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 45.8% of areas, crops are coconut (15.9 %), green gram (13.8%), horse gram (12.0 %), ragi (30.1 %) and red gram (28.2 %). Shyanadrahalli (SNH) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 2.0 % of area; crops are coconut. Kadagathur (KDT) soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around 23.1 % of area; the major crops grown are coconut (68.4 %) and ragi (31.6 %). The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs. 67960/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.97) and Rs. 28631/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 4.39). In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 39120/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.25) and Rs. 20020/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.54). In sorghum the cost of cultivation in BDG soil is Rs. 18928/ha (with BCR of 1.97). In red gram the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs. 20187/ha (with BCR of 2.03). In green gram the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is RS. 277885/ha (with BCR of 1.31) and horse gram the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs. 16069/ha (with BCR of 1.73). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4 The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in ragi (57.9 to 67.6 %), coconut (36.6 to 38.9 %), sorghum (40.3 %), bengal gram (37.1 %), horse gram (24.1 %) and red gram (13.9 %). | en_US |
dc.description.sponsorship | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project | en_US |
dc.language.iso | English | en_US |
dc.publisher | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) | en_US |
dc.relation.ispartofseries | 100; | - |
dc.subject | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project | en_US |
dc.title | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT PINNENAHALLI (4B3D3R1a) MICROWATERSHED Gubbi Taluk, Tumkur District, Karnataka | en_US |
dc.title.alternative | Not Available | en_US |
dc.type | Project Report | en_US |
dc.publication.projectcode | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.journalname | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.volumeno | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.pagenumber | p.101& 31. | en_US |
dc.publication.divisionUnit | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru | en_US |
dc.publication.sourceUrl | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.authorAffiliation | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning | en_US |
dc.ICARdataUseLicence | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf | en_US |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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100.Pinnenahalli (4B3D3R1a).pdf | 15.28 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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