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http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/49965
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DC Field | Value | Language |
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dc.contributor.author | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh | en_US |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-07-24T13:51:59Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2021-07-24T13:51:59Z | - |
dc.date.issued | 2019-12-31 | - |
dc.identifier.citation | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Honavalu-1 (4D4A1W1d) Microwatershed, Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.155, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.107 & 33. | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | Not Available | - |
dc.identifier.uri | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/49965 | - |
dc.description | Not Available | en_US |
dc.description.abstract | The land resource inventory of Honavalu-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 452 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 12 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 9 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 19 per cent of the soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 20 per cent is moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 20 per cent moderately deep (75- 100 cm) and 37 per cent has deep to very deep soils (100 ->150 cm). About 12 per cent of the area is having loamy soils and 83 per cent has clayey soils at the surface. About 49 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils, 39 per cent has gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 7 per cent has very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils. With respect to available water capacity 13 per cent of the area has very low (<50mm/m), 31 per cent of the area has low (51-100 mm/m), 18 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 32 per cent area has very high (>200mm/m). An area of about 7 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 88 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) land. An area of about 34 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 61 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about <1 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4) ,81 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 13 per cent soils very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0). An area of about 90 per cent of the soils are non saline (<2 dsm-1) and 4 per cent has slightly saline (2-4 dSm-1) soils. Organic carbon is low (<0.5%) in about 16 per cent, medium (0.5-0.75%) in 56 per cent and high (>0.75%) in 23 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is low (<23 kg/ha) in 76 per cent and medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 19 per cent of the soils. Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 10 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 85 per cent of the soils. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in <1 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in 8 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 86 per cent area of the soils Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in about 52 per cent, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 38 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 5 per cent area of the soils. Available iron is deficient in 14 per cent of the area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 80 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 87of the area and sufficient in 7 per cent of the area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 110(24) 207(46) Pomegranate - 235(52) Maize - 35(8) Guava - 7(1) Bajra - 61(14) Jackfruit - 7(1) Redgram - 210(47) Jamun - 154(34) Bengal gram 110(24) 226(50) Musambi 66(15) 169(37) Groundnut - 61(14) Lime 66(15) 169(37) Sunflower 66 (15) 162 (36) Cashew - 7(1) Cotton 110(24) 233(52) Custard apple 160(35) 183(41) Chilli - 35(8) Amla 7(1) 337(75) Tomato - 35(8) Tamarind - 147(32) Drumstick - 247(55) Marigold - 319(70) Mulberry - 325(72) Chrysanthemum - 319(70) Mango - - Jasmine - 90(20) Sapota - 7(1) Crossandra - 91(20) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Honavalu-1 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15018’ – 15020’ North latitudes and 7603’ – 7605’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 451.51 ha, bounded by Hireshindhogi, Narasapura, Katrahalli and Honavala villages Agro Ecological Region (AER) – 3: (Deccan plateau, hot arid eco-sub region) Karnataka Plateau (Rayalseema as inclusion), hot arid ESR with deep loamy and clayey mixed Red and Black soil, low to medium AWC and LGP 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Honavalu-1 Microwatershed in Koppal taluk and district are presented here Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 49.0 to 51.0 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 51 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 71.1 per cent. Social groups belong to SC is around 7.1 per cent. Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 95.2 per cent. About 61.9 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Majority of farm households (85.7 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments. Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 95.2 per cent Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 66.7 per cent of sample households. Institutional participation is only 7.4 per cent of sample households. Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 0.5 per cent of farm households. Women participation is decisions making are around 60 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators; 2 The average land holding is 1.98 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 68.7 % and irrigated land 18.6 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 14.9 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 59.9 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.58671 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media. The average farm assets a value is around Rs.45247 per household, about 31.0 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and sprayer (38.1). The average livestock value is around Rs.18988 per livestock; about 52.8 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 758.7 grams (1938.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 40.5 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs.47780 per household. About 2.4 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs.1057 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.834.1 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.357009 per year for the total area of 451.5 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs 10000/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in chillies (Rs.61493) followed by bengal gram (Rs.9586), sunflower (Rs 9419), sorghum (Rs 9370), cotton (Rs.8027), groundnut (Rs.4923) maize (Rs. 2373), green gram (Rs. 1539) bajra (Rs.206) and redgram is negative returns. The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 2924/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs 6519) followed by sorghum (Rs 1754) and bajra (500). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs.75621) followed by red gram (Rs.72996), bengal gram (Rs.62473), green gram (Rs.57963), bajra (Rs.49517), sorghum (Rs.38085), sunflower (Rs. 37893), maize (Rs.23566), groundnut (Rs.21309) and onion (Rs 11735). 3 Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is sorghum (27.8 %) followed by maize (26.4 %), bengal gram (14.6 %), sunflower (8.8 %), bajra (8.7 %), cotton (6.0 %), redgram (3.2 %), groundnut (1.2 %), onion (0.9 %), Green gram (0.8%), guava (0.8 %) and chillies (0.4 %). In Honavalu-1 micro-watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Harve (HRV) series is having shallow soil deep cover around 3.6 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (51.2 %) sorghum (48.9 %), Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Muttal (MTL) are also having shallow soil deep cover 14.9 % of area, the crops are bajra (8.8 %) bengalgram (31.7 %), cotton (11.5 %), redgram (4.4 %) and sorghum (43.6 %) each. Mukhadahalli (MKH) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 7.8 % of areas, crops are cotton (50.0 %) and maize (50.0 %). Ravanaki (RNK) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 12.1 % of area, crops are bajra (8.1 5), green gram (6.0 %), groundnut (6.0 %), maize (25.5 %), onion (6.6 %), sorghum (23.9 %) and sunflower (23.9 %), Dambarahalli (DRL) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 8.2 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are bengalgram (29.4 %), maize (17.6 %) cotton (41.2 %) and sunflower (11.8 %). Narasapura (NSP) soil series are having very shallow soil depth covers around 9.7 % of area, the major crop grown is bajra (23.5 %), bengalgram (30.6 %), groundnut (6.8 %) maize (32.2 %) and sunflower (6.8 %). Gatareddihal (GRH) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 24.2 % of areas respectively; crops are bajra (46.2 %), cotton (15.4 %), maize (23.1 %) and sunflower (15.4 %). Lakshmanagudda (LGD) soil series having deep soil depth cover 4.3 % of areas respectively; crops are bengal gram (17.4 %), maize (33.4 %) and sorghum (49.2 %), Murlapur (MLR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 14.9 % of areas respectively; crops are chillies (7.5 %), cotton (7.4 %), maize (39.2 %) and sunflower (46.0 %) The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.70433/ha in GHR soil (with BCR of 1.04) and Rs.16275/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.09). In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs 62728/ha in MTL soil (with of 1.04) and Rs.31190/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.09). In sunflower the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.39247/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.1) and Rs. 17619/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 2.36). In bajra cost of cultivation range between is Rs.32917/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs 17273 in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.02). In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 27072/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 1.26) and Rs.25890/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.11). 4 In bengal gram the cost of cultivation rage between is Rs.26508/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.68) and Rs.18518/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 1.68). In sorghum the cost of cultivation rage between is Rs.21166/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.25) and Rs.16497/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.52). In chillies the cost of cultivation in MLR soil is Rs 55893/ha (with BCR of 2.1). In onion cultivation in RNK soil is Rs 38870/ha (with BCR of 1.11) and green gram cultivation in RNK soil is Rs 30355/ha (with BCR of 1.05). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in chillies (89.9 %), onion (80.6 %), maize (39.1 to 83.8 %), sunflower (2.6 to 7.9 %), sorghum (13.6 to 50.8 %), bajra (12.03 to 33.02 %), cotton (24.41 to 25.7 %), bengal gram (8.6 to 11.3 %), groundnut (8.6 to19.1 %), green gram (-35.9 %) and red gram (-45.5 %). | en_US |
dc.description.sponsorship | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project | en_US |
dc.language.iso | English | en_US |
dc.publisher | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) | en_US |
dc.relation.ispartofseries | 155; | - |
dc.subject | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project | en_US |
dc.title | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HONAVALU-1 (4D4A1W1d) MICRO WATERSHED Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka | en_US |
dc.title.alternative | Not Available | en_US |
dc.type | Project Report | en_US |
dc.publication.projectcode | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.journalname | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.volumeno | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.pagenumber | p.107 & 33. | en_US |
dc.publication.divisionUnit | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru | en_US |
dc.publication.sourceUrl | Not Available | en_US |
dc.publication.authorAffiliation | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning | en_US |
dc.ICARdataUseLicence | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf | en_US |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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155. Honavalu-1 (4D4A1W1d).pdf | 15.02 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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