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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT YADGIR RF-2 (4D5B1F2b) MICROWATERSHED Gurumitkal Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Yadgir Rf-2 (4D5B1F2b) Microwatershed, Gurumitkal Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.318, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.129 & 35. |
Series/Report no.: | 318; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 385 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 264 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 116 ha by rock outcrops and 5 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 6 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 39 per cent area is very shallow (<25 cm), 16 per cent shallow (25-50 cm), 3 per cent moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 9 per cent moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 1 per cent area of soil is deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm). About 48 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 11 per cent loamy soils and 9 per cent soil clayey at the surface. An area of 51 per cent in the microwatershed is gravelly (15-35%) and 18 per cent area is non gravelly (<15%). About 1 per cent area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 58 per cent is very low (<50 mm/m). About 3 per cent area in the microwatershed has gently sloping (3-5% slope) lands and 66 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 66 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 3 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded. An area of about 55 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction and 14 per cent area is slightly acid (pH 6.0 - 6.5). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 43 per cent of the soils are high (>0.75%) in organic carbon and 26 per cent medium (0.5-0.75%). 68 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 0.35 per cent low (<23 kg/ha). About 29 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 40 per cent is low (<145 kg/ha). Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in an area of about 29 per cent and medium (10 -20 ppm) in 39 per cent. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of about 68 per cent and 0.27 per cent is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm). Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of about 10 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 59 per cent area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 5 (1) - Guava - - Maize - 5 (1) Sapota - - Bajra - 4(1) Pomegranate - 5(1) Groundnut - - Musambi 0.35 (<1) 4(1) Sunflower 0.35 (<1) 4 (1) Lime 0.35 (<1) 4 (1) Redgram - 5 (1) Amla - 5 (1) Bengal gram 5 (1) - Cashew - - Cotton 0.35 (<1) 4(1) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 5 (1) Jamun - 5 (1) Tomato - 0.35 (<1) Custard apple 5 (1) - Brinjal - 5 (1) Tamarind - 5 (1) Onion 4 (1) - Mulberry - - Bhendi 5 (1) - Marigold - 5 (1) Drumstick - 5 (1) Chrysanthemum - 5 (1) Mango - 0.35 (<1) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 95 (47.5%) men and 105 (52.50%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 5.5, marginal farmers’ was 4.9, small farmers’ was 5.8, semi medium farmers’ was 6.2 and medium farmers’ was 9. The data indicated that, 47 (23.50%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 96 (48%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (25%) were in 36-60 years of age and 7 (3.5%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Yadgir Rf-2 had 47.50 per cent illiterates, 29 per cent of them had primary school, 4.50 per cent of them had middle school, 9.50 per cent of them had high school education 3.50 per cent of them had PUC and degree education, and 1 per cent of them had masters education. The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 5.71 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.86 cent of the household heads were in private service and student. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 17.50 per cent of the household members, 57 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.50 per cent were in general labour, 0.50 per cent were private service, 19.50 per cent were students, 2 per cent were housewives and 1 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 8.57 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 62.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 28.57 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 62.86 per cent of the households possess TV, 8.57 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 22.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess auto and landline phones and 88.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,409, mixer/grinder was Rs.1,666, bicycle was Rs. 1,500, motor cycle was Rs. 31,666, auto was Rs. 100,000 , landline was Rs. 1,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,157. About 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullock cart and seed/ fertilizer drill, 71.43 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess transplanter/grinder, irrigation pump and tractor, 42.86 per cent of them possess sparyer, 11.43 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 40 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 21,807, plough was Rs. 3,756, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 10,715, transplanter/ grinder Rs. 3,500, 2 irrigation pump was Rs. 20,000, tractor was Rs. 5000,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,953, sprinkler was Rs. 2,450 and the average value of weeder was Rs.57. The results indicate that, 54.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 60 per cent of the households possess local cow, 17.14 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 8.57 per cent of the households possess goat. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.06, average own labour (women) available was 1.88, average hired labour (men) available was 9.91 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.21. The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Yadgir Rf-2 micro-watershed possess 15.15 ha (45.77%) of dry land, 14.62 ha (44.17%) of irrigated land and 3.33 ha (10.05%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 6.05 ha (82.83%) of dry land, 0.4 ha (5.54%) and 0.85 ha (11.63%) of permanent fallow land. Small farmers possess 4.13 ha (53.60%) of dry land and 3.57 ha (46.40%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.54 ha (22.83%) of dry land and 8.58 ha (77.17%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.43 ha (34.84%), 2.06 ha (29.62%) of irrigated land and 2.48 ha (35.54%) of permanent fallow land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 465,228.43; the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 428,078.63 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 180,291.98. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 809,024.08 for dry land, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 1,235,000 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 470,476.21. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 326,911.77 for dry land and Rs. 699,320.49 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 157,575.76 for dry land and Rs. 310,061.35 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 164,666.67 for dry land, Rs. 290,588.24 for irrigated land and Rs.80,718.96 for permanent fallow land. The results indicate that, there were 10 functioning and 8 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 28.57 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 14.72 meters. The results indicate that, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 22.86 ha, 43.54 ha and 13.72 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (4.18 ha), green gram (1.79 ha), groundnut (3.87 ha), red gram (10.04 ha) and sorghum . Marginal farmers have grown red gram, paddy and green gram. Small farmers have grown red gram, groundnut and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram and groundnut. 3 The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgir Rf-2 micro-watershed was found to be 82.11 per cent. The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 2.78 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 3.45 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial and grameena bank. The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs. 8,620.69. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicate that, around 40 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 30774.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91928.91. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 61154.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.99. The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 44271.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32557.62. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -11713.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 58959.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 97062.78. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 38103.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.65. The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 35344.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54261.61. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 18917.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.54. The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 30546.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38285. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 7738.17. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.25. The results indicate that, 62.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 161,250 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 100,761.43, for small farmers it was Rs. 167,841.25, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 257,300 and medium farmers it was Rs. 298,500. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 23,820.51. For landless households it was Rs. 31,437.50, for marginal farmers it 4 was Rs. 6,523.21, for small farmers it was Rs. 34,062.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 23,020.41 and medium farmers it was Rs. 91,500. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 19 coconut, 29 custard apple and 5 mango tree in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 15 teak, 45 neem, 5 tamarind and 2 acacia trees in their field and also 9 neem trees in their backyard. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,714.29 for land development. The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development. The results indicated that, cotton, green gram and red gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 110.39 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 84.04 per cent and sorghum to the extent of 61.98 per cent. The results indicated that, about 2.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 91.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets. The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards. The results indicated that, 60 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 22.86 per cent, vegetables and egg were adequate for 8.57 per cent, fruits were adequate for 34.29 per cent, milk were adequate for 31.43 per cent and meat were adequate for 14.29 per cent. The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 77.14 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 91.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 60 per cent, milk were inadequate for 57.14 per cent, egg were inadequate for 88.57 per cent and meat were inadequate for 74.29 per cent of the households. 5 The results indicated that, meat were market surplus for 8.57 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the was the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (77.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases, high rate of interest on credit and low price for the agricultural commodities (17.14%), inadequacy extension service, lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market and less rainfall (37.14%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (28.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area and inadequate extension services (2.86%) and source of Agri-technology information (45.71%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.129 & 35. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/50021 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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318.Yadgir Rf-2_(1F2b).pdf | 22.4 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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