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A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies

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Title A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies
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Creator R.K.Singh
Nitin Virmani
 
Subject equine influenza
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Description Not Available
Among all the emerging and re-emerging animal diseases, influenza group is the
prototype member associated with severe respiratory infections in wide host species.
Wherein, Equine influenza (EI) is the main cause of respiratory illness in equines across
globe and is caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV-A) which has impacted the equine
industry internationally due to high morbidity and marginal morality. The virus transmits
easily by direct contact and inhalation making its spread global and leaving only limited
areas untouched. Hitherto reports confirm that this virus crosses the species barriers
and found to affect canines and few other animal species (cat and camel). EIV is
continuously evolving with changes at the amino acid level wreaking the control program
a tedious task. Until now, no natural EI origin infections have been reported explicitly in
humans. Recent advances in the diagnostics have led to efficient surveillance and rapid
detection of EIV infections at the onset of outbreaks. Incessant surveillance programs
will aid in opting a better control strategy for this virus by updating the circulating
vaccine strains. Recurrent vaccination failures against this virus due to antigenic drift and
shift have been disappointing, however better understanding of the virus pathogenesis
would make it easier to design effective vaccines predominantly targeting the conserved
epitopes (HA glycoprotein). Additionally, the cold adapted and canarypox vectored
vaccines are proving effective in ceasing the severity of disease. Furthermore, better
understanding of its genetics and molecular biology will help in estimating the rate
of evolution and occurrence of pandemics in future. Here, we highlight the advances
occurred in understanding the etiology, epidemiology and pathobiology of EIV and a
special focus is on designing and developing effective diagnostics, vaccines and control
strategies for mitigating the emerging menace by EIV.
Not Available
 
Date 2019-12-07T09:28:36Z
2019-12-07T09:28:36Z
2018-09-06
 
Type Article
 
Identifier Not Available
Not Available
http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/28690
 
Language English
 
Relation Not Available;
 
Publisher Not Available