Microparticle-Supported Nanocomposites for Safe Environmental Applications

Abstract

Utilization of nanotechnology and nanomaterials is an integral part of modern life. The increased use of nanomaterials in various consumer products, industries, medical instruments, and information technology and energy sectors has created research interest because of their potential toxicity for the environment. Nanomaterials can also be added directly and indirectly to the soil and water treatment plants to reduce pollutant concentrations. Nanoparticlesmay enter the aquatic system through runoff and industrial effluent discharge, therefore, potentially contaminate both the aquatic and terrestrial systems. Researchers have used laboratory experiments to understand the effect of nanomaterials and their transformation in water and soil environment. The transformation of nanoparticles in the environment involves various physical and chemical processes, and their degradation/transformation products may introduce further toxicity. Various microparticles or host materials can be used to support or coat nanoparticles in order to reduce their toxicity. Microparticles including clay minerals, polymer, carbon-based materials (biochar) are popular to support nanoparticles due to their large surface area and improved functional characteristics. This chapter aims to give an overview of the risks associated with using nanoparticles, and how to reduce the possible toxicity related to nanoparticles by using microparticle host materials.