Agronomic improvements can make future cereal systems in South Asia far more productive and result in a lower environmental footprint

Abstract

South Asian countries will have to double their food production by 2050 while using resources more efficiently andminimizing environmental problems. Transformative management approaches and technology solutions will berequired in the major grain-producing areas that provide the basis for future food and nutrition security. This studywas conducted in four locations representing major food production systems of densely populated regions of SouthAsia. Novel production-scale research platforms were established to assess and optimize three futuristic croppingsystems and management scenarios (S2, S3, S4) in comparison with current management (S1). With best agronomicmanagement practices (BMPs), including conservation agriculture (CA) and cropping system diversification, the pro-ductivity of rice- and wheat-based cropping systems of South Asia increased substantially, whereas the global warm-ing potential intensity (GWPi) decreased. Positive economic returns and less use of water, labor, nitrogen, and fossilfuel energy per unit food produced were achieved. In comparison with S1, S4, in which BMPs, CA and crop diversifi-cation were implemented in the most integrated manner, achieved 54% higher grain energy yield with a 104%increase in economic returns, 35% lower total water input, and a 43% lower GWPi. Conservation agriculture practiceswere most suitable for intensifying as well as diversifying wheat–rice rotations, but less so for rice–rice systems. Thisfinding also highlights the need for characterizing areas suitable for CA and subsequent technology targeting. A com-prehensive baseline dataset generated in this study will allow the prediction of extending benefits to a larger scale.