LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT NAGARALADODDI-2 (4D2D6P2c) MICROWATERSHED Sydhapur Hobli, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka

Abstract

The land resource inventory of Nagaraladoddi-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 295 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of 295 ha (100%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 56 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 to 150 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 34 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 5 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy (loamy sand) soils and 95 per cent clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed is has non gravelly (<15%) at the surface.  About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed is very low (<50 mm/m) in available water capacity, 29 per cent low (51-100 mm/m), 10 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 56 per cent area is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area in the microwatershed is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 1 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 59 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 40 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline.  About 38 per cent of soils are low (<0.5%), 47 per cent of soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) and 15 per cent of soils are high (>0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 70 per cent area is low (<23 kg/ha), 22 per cent area is medium (23- 57 kg/ha) and 8 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Available potassium is medium in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in an area of about 67 per cent, 17 per cent of the soils are medium (10 -20 ppm) and 16 per cent of the soils are high in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of about 70 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 30 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in an area of about 35 per cent and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 65 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in 292 ha (99%) area and deficient (<0.2 ppm) in 2 ha (1%) area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 194(66) 87(29) Sapota - - Maize - 252(85) Guava - - Redgram - 194(66) Pomegranate - 194(66) Bajra 29(10) 252(85) Jackfruit - - Groundnut - 87(29) Jamun - 165(56) Sunflower 72(24) 122(42) Musambi 72(24) 122(42) Cotton 165(56) 116(39) Lime 72(24) 122(42) Bengal gram 194(66) 87(29) Cashew - - Chilli - 281(95) Custard apple 72(24) 209(71) Tomato - 159(53) Amla - 281(95) Drumstick - 194(66) Tamarind - 165(56) Mulberry - - Marigold - 281(95) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 281(95)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. NGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nagaraladoddi-2 is located at North latitude 160 33’ 23.838" and 160 31' 6.086" and East longitude 770 25’ 9.296'' and 770 24’ 10.745” covering an area of about 294.61 ha coming under Duppalli village of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nagaraladoddi-2 micro watersheds of Ajalapur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Nagaraladoddi-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (25.71%) were marginal, 9 (25.71%) were small, 11 (31.43 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 80 (53.69%) men and 69 (46.31 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.3, marginal farmers were 3.9, small farmers were 4.2, semi medium farmers were 4.7 and medium farmers were 4.7.  Majority of the respondents (46.31%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 46.31 per cent illiterates, 43.63 per cent pre university education and 4.03 per cent attained graduation.  About, 51.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 42.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 22.82 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 80.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 74.29 per cent possess TV, 48.57 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.35, women available in the micro watershed was 1.19, hired labour (men) available was 9.84 and hired labour (women) available was 14.9.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 85.73 per cent (57.30 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 11.44 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 4.00 live bore wells and 4.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 11.43 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Paddy, Cotton, Jowar and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 91.43 percent possessed bank account and 74.29 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 74.29 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 11.11 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 188.89 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 83.33 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 16.67 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Paddy, Cotton, Jowar and Groundnut was Rs.40477.88, 46971.35, 32690.13, 49477.76 and 66158.16 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 0.95, 1: 1.70, 1: 1.10 and 1:0.65 respectively.  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 98685.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 70914.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 9 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 14.29 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9171.43 for land development and Rs. 457.14 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned 62.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 45.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 51.43 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (91.43%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 85.71 per cent of the households and 25.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.29%), pulses (91.43%) and oilseeds (34.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (80.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (80.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.14%), high rate of interest on credit (88.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.00%), inadequate extension services (60.00%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88.57%).