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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT KANEKAL-5 (4D5B1P1e) MICROWATERSHED Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2018). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio-Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Kanekal-5 (4D5B1P1e) Microwatershed, Yadgir Taluk, and District, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS& LUP Sujala MWS Publ .87, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.103 & 31. |
Series/Report no.: | 87; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Kanekal-5 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 641 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 579 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 62 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 15 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 9 land use class. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 52 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 39 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm). About 11 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 38 per cent of loamy soils and 42 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 75 per cent area is non gravelly (<15%) and 16 per cent is gravelly (15-35%). About 25 per cent area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 21 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 13 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 32 per cent area very low (<50 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 84 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 6 per cent area is gently sloping lands (3-5% slope). An area of about 82 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and 9 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded. An area of about 12 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 56 per cent soil are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) and 22 per cent soils are strongly to very strongly alkaline (8.4 - >9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are nonsaline. About 20 per cent of the soils are low (<0.5%) in organic carbon, 38 per cent medium (0.5-0.75%) and 32 per cent high (>0.75). About 41 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 25 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 24 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha). About 6 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) is low in available potassium, 84 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 1 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha). Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in an area of about 68 per cent, medium (10 -20 ppm) in 17 per cent and high in 5 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of about 13 per cent, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in an area of 72 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 76 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 322(50) Sapota 79(12) 94(15) Maize 69(11) 68(11) Pomegranate 79(12) 253(39) Bajra 79(12) 270(42) Musambi 79(12) 252(39) Groundnut 79(12) 111(17) Lime 79(12) 252(39) Sunflower 69(11) 210(33) Amla 79(12) 244(38) Redgram - 332(52) Cashew 79(12) 13(2) Bengal gram 3(1) 250(39) Jackfruit 79(12) 41(6) Cotton 3 (1) 251(40) Jamun 79(12) 240(37) Chilli 69(11) 277(43) Custard apple 79(12) 244(38) Tomato 69(11) 121(19) Tamarind 79(12) 240(37) Drumstick 79(12) 253(39) Mulberry 79(12) 41(6) Mango 79(12) 28(4) Marigold 69(11) 306(48) Guava 79(12) 94(15) Chrysanthemum 69(11) 306(48) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kanikal-5 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16034’ – 16036’ North latitudes and 770 16’ – 76019’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 641.16 ha, bounded by Kanikal, Rampura and Balacheda with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanikal-5 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 61.7 to 38.3 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 group of population is around 60.2 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 47.4 per cent. Social groups belong to scheduled caste/ scheduled tribes are around 37.5 per cent Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 95.8 per cent. About 29.2 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Sample farm households (16.7 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 87.5 per cent. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 33.3 per cent of sample households. Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 20.8 per cent of farm households. Women participation in decisions making are around 79 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 2.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The accounted for dry land of 58.7 per cent 2 and irrigated land of 39.2 per cent of the total cultivated land among the sample households. Agriculture is the main occupation among 18 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 56.4 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 91964 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average farm assets a value is around Rs. 118243 per household, about 62.5 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough. The average livestock value is around Rs. 28996 per households; about 86.8 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 989.1 grams (2336.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 41.7 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs. 34792 per household. About 67 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2670. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 1452.0 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 840733 per year for the total area of 641.2 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 6969/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in paddy (Rs. 16565) followed by red gram (Rs. 7427), bajra (Rs. 7007), groundnut (Rs. 6579), cotton (Rs. 4130) and green gram (Rs. 104). The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2818/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in bajra (Rs. 3705) followed by paddy (Rs. 3276) and groundnut (Rs. 1472). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bajra (Rs. 55278) followed by redgram (Rs. 45918), paddy (Rs. 45849), greengram (Rs. 39802), cotton (Rs. 39096) and groundnut (Rs. 32640). 3 Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is red gram (39.8 %) followed by cotton (22.9 %), groundnut (11.1 %), paddy (6.2 %), bengal gram (4.4 %), green gram (4.4 %), onion (4.4 %), maize (3.7 %) and bajra (3 %). In Kanikal-5 micro watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Badiyala (BDL) series are having shallow soil deep cover around 11.3% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bajra (13.3%) cotton (20.0%), groundnut (13.3%) and redgram (40.0 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Sambara (SBR) are also having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 20.3 % of area, the crops are cotton (12.0 %), groundnut (20.0 %), paddy (52.0 %) and redgram. Yalleri (YLR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 1.46 % of areas, crops are paddy (11.1 %) and redgram (88.9%). Yadgir (YDR) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 8.23 per cent of area. The major crops grown are bajra (8.7 %), cotton (39.1 %), groundnut (8.7 %), paddy (4.3 %) and redgram (100 %). Bomraldoddi (BMD) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 12.3 % of area, the major crop grown is cotton and greengram. Gandedagi (GDG) and Halagera (HLG) soil series having deep and moderately shallow soil depth cover 4.37 % and 1.39 % of areas respectively; crops are greengram, paddy and redgram. The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs 68002/ha in HGN soil (with BCR of 1.02) and Rs. 26627/ha in YDR soil (with BCR of 1.16). In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between Rs 55336/ha in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs. 26958/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.31). In redgram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 33582/ha in HGN soil (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs. 8160/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.02). In paddy the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.118798/ha in GDG soil (with BCR of 1.22) and Rs.20681/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.28). In bajra the cost of cultivation in BDL soils Rs.44863/ha (with BCR of 1.24) and greengram cultivation in BMD soil is Rs 22949/ha (with BCR of 1.0). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4 The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in paddy (46.3 to 78 %), redgram (26.6 to 86.4 %), cotton (5.5 to 66.3 %), groundnut (0 to16.7 %), bajra (6.2 %) and greengram (6.7 %). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.103 & 31 |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/40219 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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87. Kanekal-5 (4D5B1P1e).pdf | 15.36 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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