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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT KANIVAIHUNDI (4B3E2G2e) MICRO WATERSHED Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Kanivaihundi (4B3E2G2e) Microwatershed, Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ Publ.31, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.107 & 31. |
Series/Report no.: | 31; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Kanivaihundi Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 501 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by others and less than one per cent is under forest. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 12 soil series, 28 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 96 per cent area is suitable for agriculture, <1 per cent area is not suitable for agriculture and very negligible area is under forest. About 82 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 41 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm). About 56 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 40 per cent loamy soils and <1 per cent sandy soils. About 61 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 24 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 11 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils. About 62 per cent has soils that are very low (<50mm/m) to low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity an 35 per cent has very high (>200 mm/m) available water capacity. About 96 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 65 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 31 per cent moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 5 per cent has soils that are moderately acidic to slightly acidic (pH 5.5- 6.5); 7 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and maximum area of about 84 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) to strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dsm-1indicating that the soils are non-saline. About 27 per cent of the soils are low (<0.5%), <1 per cent medium (0.5-0.75%) and 69 per cent high (>0.75%) in organic carbon. About two per cent of the soils are low (<23 kg/ha), in 81 per cent medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 13 per cent high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 5 per cent of the soils are low (<145 kg/ha), 21 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) area and 70 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in about 79 per cent area, medium (10-20 ppm) in about 16 per centf and high (>20ppm) in about one per cent area. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 16 per cent area, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 69 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 11 per cent area. Available iron is deficient in about 77 per cent area and sufficient in 19 per cent area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in about 71 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in about 25 per cent area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 83 (17) 244 (49) Sapota 191 (38) 59 (12) Maize 230 (46) 85 (17) Guava 203 (41) 50 (10) Redgram 230 (46) 148 (29) Banana 173 (35) 81 (16) Horsegram 230 (46) 183 (37) Jackfruit 173(35) 30 (6) Field bean 173 (35) 170 (34) Jamun 177 (36) 30 (6) Groundnut 46 (9) 277 (55) Musambi 177 (36) 30 (6) Sunflower 21 (4) 221 (44) Lime 177 (36) 30 (6) Cotton 26 (5) 149 (30) Cashew 193 (39) 106 (21) Onion 173 (35) 154 (30) Custard apple 208 (41) 205 (41) Potato 173 (35) 149 (30) Amla 208 (41) 205 (45) Beans 173 (35) 154 (30) Tamarind 177 (35) 75 (15) Beetroot 173 (35) 149 (30) Marigold 230 (46) 97 (19) Turmeric 173 (35) 149 (30) Chrysanthemum 173 (35) 170 (34) Mango 173 (35) 75 (15) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to the problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kanivaihundi Microwatershed (Hangala sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11042’ – 11044’ North latitudes and 76038’ – 76040’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 501 ha, bounded by Hangala, Hangalapura, Karle, Pasainapura and Kaligaudanahalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanivaihundi Microwatershed (Hangala sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators Male and female ratio is 45.4 to 54.6 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 48.5 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 66.5 per cent. Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 75.0 per cent. Liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among 79.0 per cent. About 50.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70.0 per cent. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 62.5 per cent of sample households. Institutional participation is only 3.0 per cent of sample households. Women participation in decisions making are around 25 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators The average land holding is 1.85 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small farmers. The dry land account for 34.3 per cent and irrigated land 65.7 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2 Agriculture is the main occupation among 59.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and private service is subsidiary occupation for 7.4 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 10456 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 60532 per household, among all the sample farmers having owen plough. The average livestock value is around Rs. 29000 per households; about 60 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 617.2 grams (1408 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 87.5 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs. 35720 per household. About 87.5 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 1212. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 570 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 274907 per year for the total area of 500.69 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 72273/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in lemon (Rs. 415454) followed by horse gram (Rs. 9228), sunflower (Rs. 5480), cowpea (Rs. 3575), ragi (Rs. 1356) and sorghum is negative returns. The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1407/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 2646) followed by cowpea (Rs. 1203) and horse gram (Rs. 1136). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum (Table 25 and Figure 12) in lemon (Rs. 57663) followed by sorghum (Rs. 37291), sunflower (Rs. 32068), horse gram (Rs. 23235), and cowpea (Rs. 8093). Economic Land Evaluation The major cropping pattern is sorghum (25.4 %), horse gram (25.4 %) followed by sunflower (21.7 %), cowpea (17.7 %), ragi (8.9 %) and lemon (0.9 %). In Kanivaihundi Microwatershed, major soil are soil of Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) series is having very deep 30.3 per cent area On this soil farmers are 3 presently growing horse gram (50.0 %), sorghum (25.0 %), sunflower (25.0 %) followed by Hindupur (HDR) series is having shallow 13.2 % per cent of area On this soil farmers are presently growing cowpea (33.3 %), ragi (33.3 %), horse gram (14.8 %) and sorghum (14.8 %). Magoonahalli (MGH) series is havingg moderately shallow 14.0 per cent of areas, on this soil farmer are presently growing horse gram (47.4 %), sorghum (47.4 %). Gopalapur (GPR) series is having Moderately deep 45.5 per cent of area On this soil farmers are presently growing Lemon (100 %), Devarahalli (DRH) series is having moderately shallow 7.8 per cent area On this soil farmers are presently growing horsegram (50.0 %), sorghum(50 %). Kannigala (KNG) series is having moderately deep 16.7 per cent of area, on this soil farmers are presently sunflower and Annurkeri (ARK) series is having shallow soil deep cover around 4.2 per cent of area on this soil farmers are presently growing sorghum and sunflower. The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for horse gram ranges between Rs. 22995/ha in DRH soil (with BCR of 1.26) and Rs. 9018 in MGH soil (with BCR of 2.40). In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 29444/ha in ARK soil (with of 0.05) and Rs. 16470/ha in MGH soil (with BCR of 1.12). In sun flower the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 27513/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.22) and Rs. 23566/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.31). In ragi the cost cultivation in HDR soil is Rs. 24418/ha (with BCR of 1.08). In cowpea the cost of cultivation in HDR soil is Rs 14467/ha (with BCR of 1.33) and lemon cost of cultivation in GPR soil is Rs 33637/ha (with BCR of 13.35). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4 By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in ragi (71.8 %), lemon (63.2 %), sorghum (65.3 to 45.0 %), cowpea (47.2 %), sunflower (45.8 to 39.3) and horse gram (34.8 to 11.4 %). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.107 & 31. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/40251 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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