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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT POGALAPURA-2 (4D5B1K1d) MICROWATERSHED Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., B.A. Dhanorkar, S. Srinivas, M. Lalitha, K.V. Niranjana, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Pogalapur-2 (4D5B1K1d) Microwatershed, Yadgir Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS &LUP Sujala MWS Publ.409, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.127 & 35. |
Series/Report no.: | 409; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Pogalapur-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 552 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 493 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 4 ha by railway track and about 55 ha by others (Habitation water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 6 soil series and 7 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area of about 89 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed. About 79 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas <1 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) soils in the microwatershed. About 16 percent soils are loamy and 73 per cent is clayey soils at the surface. Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (<15%) soils About 79 per cent area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 10 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) available water capacity. About 83 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 6 per cent area is nearly level (0-1% slope) soils. An area of about 83 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and 6 percent soils are slightly eroded (e1). An area of about 22 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 23 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 45 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and <1 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1 indicating that the soils are non-saline. An area of about 40 per cent is high (>0.75%), 39 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 10 percent is low (<0.50%) in organic carbon content. An area of 11 percent is low (<23 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, about 13 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 66 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 63 percent is high (>337kg/ha), 17 percent is medium (145- 337kg/ha) and 10 percent is low (<145kg/ha) in available potassium. An area of about 48 percent is high (>20ppm), 22 percent is medium (10-20ppm) and 20 percent area is low (<10ppm) in available sulphur Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in a maximum area of about 48 per cent, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in about 33 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 8 per cent soils. Available iron content is sufficient (>4.5ppm) in an area of 67 per cent and 22 per cent is deficient (<4.5ppm) in the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of about 31 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in an area of about 58 percent in the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 55(10) 426(77) Guava - 55(10) Maize 55(10) 426(77) Sapota - 55(10) Bajra 55(10) 426(77) Pomegranate - 270(49) Groundnut - 57(10) Musambi - 270(49) Sunflower - 270(49) Lime - 270(49) Redgram - 479(87) Amla 55(10) 2(<1) Bengal gram - 363(66) Cashew - 55(10) Cotton - 273(49) Jackfruit - 55(10) Chilli 55(10) 217(39) Jamun - - Tomato 55(10) 2(<1) Custard apple 55(10) 217(39) Brinjal 55(10) 2(<1) Tamarind - - Onion 55(10) 2(<1) Mulberry - 55(10) Bhendi 55(10) 217(39) Marigold 55(10) 217(39) Drumstick - 55(10) Chrysanthemum 55(10) 217(39) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 99 (54.40%) men and 83 (45.50%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 3.8, marginal farmers’ was 5.27, small farmers’ was 5 and semi medium farmers’ was 6.67. The data indicated that, 38 (20.88%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 81 (44.51%) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (25.27%) were in 36-60 years of age and 17 (9.34%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Pogalapur-2 had 58.24 per cent illiterates, 17.58 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.95 per cent of them had middle school education, 9.89 per cent of them had high school education, 4.95 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.55 per cent had diploma education and 2.20 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 80 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 14.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourer, 2.86 per cent were general labour and 2.86 per cent were retired. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 60.99 per cent of the household members, 8.24 per cent were agricultural laborers, 4.40 per cent were general laborers, 3.30 per cent were in private service, 0.55 per cent were retired, 19.23 per cent were students, 1.65 per cent were housewives and 1.65 per cent were children. The results show that, 0.55 per cent was participating in raitha sangha and remaining 99.45 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 5.71 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 65.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 28.57 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 2.86 per cent of the households possess radio, 82.86 per cent of the households possess TV, 5.71 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.86 per cent of them possess refrigerator, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 8.57 per cent of them possess auto, 2.86 per cent of them possess car/four wheeler and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of radio was Rs.500, television was Rs. 7,931, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,000, refrigerator was Rs. 8,000, motor cycle was Rs. 48,823, auto was Rs. 143,333, car/four wheeler was Rs. 600,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,682. About 5.71 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent of them possess plough, 14.29 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.86 per cent of 2 them possess power tiller, 5.71 per cent of them possess tractor, 34.29 per cent of them possess sprayer and 48.57 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 30,000, plough was Rs. 5,100, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 6,700, power tiller was Rs. 100,000, tractor was Rs. 600,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,033 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 66. The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 20 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 5.71 per cent of the households possess poultry birds. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.80, average own labour (women) available was 1.60, average hired labour (men) available was 7.63 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.73. The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 2.86 per cent opined that it was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Pogalapur-2 micro-watershed possess 21.75 ha (70.79%) of dry land and 8.53 ha (27.77%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.20 ha (85.95%) of dry land, 0.40 ha (6.69%) of irrigated land and 0.45 ha (7.36%) of permanent fallow. Small farmers possess 12.10 ha (80.37%) of dry land and 2.95 ha (19.63%). Semi medium farmers possess 4.45 ha (46.26%) of dry land and 5.17 ha (53.74%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 521,669.15, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 1,019,402.27 and the average value of permanent fallow was Rs. 1,122,727.25. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 913,035.02 for dry land, Rs. 3,705,000 for irrigated land and Rs. 1,122,727.25 for permanent fallow. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 462,763.47 for dry land and Rs. 1,285,753.43 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 224,545.45 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 657,120.49 of irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning bore well in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20 per cent, canal was the source of irrigation for 8.57 per cent and tank was the source of irrigation for 1.86 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 8.71 meters, canal was found to be 0.96 meters and tank was found to be 0.44 per cent. The results indicate that marginal, small and semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.21 ha, 2.15 ha and 7.60 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (11.76 ha), sorghum (7.48 ha), paddy (6.19 ha), groundnut (3.24 ha) and redgram (1.21 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton, sorghum and paddy. Small farmers have grown cotton, sorghum, paddy and redgram. Semi medium farmers have grown sorghum, paddy and groundnut. 3 The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Pogalapur-2 micro-watershed was found to be 98.01 per cent. The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 4.35 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank and 4.35 per cent of the households obtained loan from friends/relatives. The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs. 32,608.70. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from private sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 21351.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57962.67. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 36611.19. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.71. the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 41461.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65578.60. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 24116.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.58. the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 41823.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72292.36. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 30468.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.73. the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 57605.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35895.98. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. - 21709.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.62. the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 52426.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79040. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 26613.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.51. The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 85,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 171,109.09, for small farmers it was Rs. 128,730.77 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 163,500. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 12,450.71. For landless households it was Rs. 35,720, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 13,162.27, for small farmers it was Rs. 9,057.82 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 16,113.89. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 custard apple and 4 mango trees in their field. 4 The results indicate that, households have planted 1 banyan, 2 tamarind and 32 neem trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,857.14 for land development, Rs. 14,571.43 for irrigation facility, Rs. 571.43 for improved crop production and Rs. 1428.57 for improved livestock management. The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development and for 14.29 per cent for irrigation facility. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 5.71 per cent for land development and for 2.86 per cent for irrigation facility. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for crop production, for 2.86 per cent for improved crop production and for 2.86 per cent for improved livestock management. The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 82.86 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 92.71 per cent, redgram was sold to the extent of 87.5 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 89.77 per cent. The results indicated that, about 37.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 45.71 per cent of them sold in regulated markets. The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 25.71 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card and 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 20 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 85.71 per cent, milk was adequate for 91.43 per cent and eggs were adequate for 2.86 per cent. 5 The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 66.67 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 83.33 per cent and meat was inadequate for 100 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 82.86 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (80%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (68.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (40%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.127 & 35 |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43817 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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