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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HAIDARANAGAR (4D4A2Q2b) MICRO WATERSHED Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Haidarnagar (4D4A2Q2b) Microwatershed, Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ .381, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.150 & 41. |
Series/Report no.: | 381; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Haidarnagar microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 668 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and 25 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 19 soil series and 32 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 18 per cent of the soils are shallow (50-75 cm), 3 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 61 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 15 per cent soils are deep (100-150 cm) and 2 per cent area has very deep (>150 cm) soils. About 51 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and 48 per cent loamy soils at the surface. About 25 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils, 68 per cent gravelly (15-35 % gravel) and 5 per cent very gravelly (35-60%) soils. About 31 per cent are very low (<50 mm/m), 57per cent low (51-100 mm/m), 8 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 3per cent very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area of about 2 per cent area are nearly level sloping (0-1%) and 96 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 37 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 62 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 21 per cent are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 16 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4), 31 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 14 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 17 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is <2 dS m-1 and as such the soils are non-saline. Organic carbon is low (<0.5%) in about 20 per cent and medium (0.5-0.75%) in about 79 per cent of the soils in organic carbon. Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in entire area of about 99 per cent in the microwatershed. About 59 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 40 per cent soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in area about 65 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in 31 per cent and 2 per cent are high (>20 ppm) in the microwatershed. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 18 per cent area and and 81 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in soils. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in about 24 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 75 per cent area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 87 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in about 11 per cent area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 74 (11) 314 (47) Sapota 11 (2) 379 (57) Maize 52 (8) 336 (50) Pomegranate 11 (2) 401 (60) Bajra 209 (31) 223 (33) Musambi 32 (5) 379 (57) Groundnut 132 (20) 345 (51) Lime 32 (5) 379 (57) Sunflower 32 (5) 346 (52) Amla 310 (46) 230 (34) Red gram 11 (2) 368 (55) Cashew 41 (6) 301 (45) Bengalgram 22 (3) 376(56) Jackfruit 11 (2) 379 (57) Cotton 22 (3) 376(55) Jamun - 301 (45) Chilli 88 (13) 301 (45) Custard apple 310 (46) 230 (34) Tomato 88 (13) 301 (45) Tamarind - 33 (5) Brinjal 278 (42) 208 (31) Mulberry 11 (2) 488 (73) Onion 121 (18) 343 (51) Marigold 52 (8) 336 (50) Bhendi 121 (18) 364 (55) Chrysanthemum 52 (8) 336 (50) Drumstick 11 (2) 445(66) Jasmine 52 (8) 314 (47) Mango - 11 (2) Crossandra 52 (8) 314 (47) Guava 11 (2) 379 (57) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 97 (57.74%) men and 71 (42.26%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers was 11, marginal farmers’ was 5.5, small farmers’ was 4.6, semi medium farmers’ was 5.7, and medium farmers’ was 5.2. The data indicated that, 30 (17.86%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 87 (51.79%) were in 16-35 years of age, 39 (23.21%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (7.14 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Haidarnagar had 27.38 per cent illiterates, 0.60 per cent functional literates, 26.19 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.14 per cent of them had middle school education, 22.62 per cent of them had high school education, 3.57 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.79 per cent of them did diploma, and 3.57 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 86.67 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 3.33 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers, 3.33 per cent were general laborers, 3.33 per cent were housewives and 3.33 per cent of the household heads were in government service. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 44.51 per cent of the household members, 18.68 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.85 per cent were general laborers, 22.53 per cent of them were student, 4.40 per cent of them were housewife, 1.10 per cent of them were in private services, 1.10 per cent government service and 1.10 per cent were involved in trade and business. The results show that 1.19 per cent of the households participated in sthree shakthi sangha and 98.81 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 3.33 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 53.33 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 3.33 per cent of them possess pucca house and 43.33 per cent of the households possess semi pucca house. The results shows that 3.33 per cent of the households possess radio, 86.67 per cent of the households possess TV, 70 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 3.33 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 40 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 66.67 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.33 per cent of the households possess auto, and 83.33 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.5980, radio was Rs.450, mixer grinder was Rs.2471, motor cycle was Rs.27000, mobile phone was Rs.1796, Auto was Rs.95000, refrigerator was Rs.20000, DVD/VCD player was Rs.5000 and bicycle was Rs.6891. 2 About 20 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 16.67 per cent of them possess plough, 23.33 per cent of them possess tractor, 16.67 per cent of them posses sprayer, 16.67 per cent of them possess chaff cutter, 3.33 per cent of them possess harvester, 6.67 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 46.67 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.2000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 291428 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.2200, the average value of harvester was Rs.100000, chaff cutter was Rs.700, the average value of bullock cart Rs.18000, and the average value of weeder Rs.54. The results indicate that, 26.67 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 20 per cent of the households possess local cow, 3.3 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 10 per cent of them possess buffalo and 3.33 per cent of the households possess goat. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.07, average own labour (women) available was 1.57, average hired labour (men) available was 6.43 and average hired labour (women) available was 4.11. The results indicate that, 86.67 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 87.50 per cent of small, 83.33 per cent of semi medium, and 100 per cent of medium have opined that hired labour was adequate. Around 6.67 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, two persons have migrated from the micro watershed, among them one belongs to semi medium household and another one belongs to medium farm household. The results indicate that, average distance migrated was 528.50 kms and the average duration of migration was 3.50 months. The results indicate that, job/work was the main reason for migration of households from the micro watershed. The results indicate that, households of the Haidarnagar micro watershed possess 39.98 ha (70.68%) of dry land and 12.94 ha (22.88%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.82 ha (92.97%) of dry land and 0.36 ha (7.03%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 4.89 ha (61.46%) of dry land and 3.07 ha (38.54%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 9.58 ha (75.94%) of dry land and 3.04 ha (24.06%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 20.70 ha (67.17%) of dry land and 6.48 ha (21.01%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs.215,000 and average value of irrigated was Rs.347,560. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 539,663 for dry land and Rs. 548,888 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 245,161 for dry land 3 and Rs. 749,472 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 219,138 for dry land and Rs. 362,266 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 130,406 for dry land and Rs. 138,937 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 26.67 per cent of the farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 30.99 meters. The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 0.73 hectares, small farmers had 4 hectares, semi medium farmers had 3.04 hectares and medium farmers had 5.26 hectares. The results indicate that, farmers have grown Bajra (12.15 ha), Bengalgram (3.44 ha), Brinjal (0.4 ha), Cotton (2.06 ha), Greengram (0.81 ha), Groundnut (1.75 ha), Maize (23.98 ha), Sugarcane (2.23 ha), Sunflower (3.65 ha), Cowpea (0.36 ha), Jowar (0.2 ha). Marginal farmers had grown bajra, maize, sunflower, sugarcane, groundnut and jowar. Small farmers had grown bajra, cotton, maize, sugarcane, sunflower, groundnut, and jowar. Semi medium farmers had grown bajra, bengalgram, greengram, groundnut, maize, and sugarcane. Medium farmers had grown bajra, bengalgram, brinjal, maize and sunflower. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Haidarnagar micro watershed was found to be 78.48 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 95.53 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 88.35 per cent and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 66.91 per cent. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27917.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. -4661.65. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 1679.36, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.86. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 21285.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11657.89. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -9627.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.55. The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 131216.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 253723.89. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 122506.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.93. The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 35223.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20377.50. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. -14845.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.58. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 66008.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55243.19. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -10765.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.84. 4 The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 25760.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56686.50. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 30926.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.2. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 47098.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51136.22. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 4037.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.09. The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 30629.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27787.50. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -2842.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.91. The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 36556.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27444.45. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. -9111.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.75. The total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 76432.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24700. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. -51732.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.32. The results indicate that, 26.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 30 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 32,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 61,512, for small farmers it was Rs. 146,037, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 196,573 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 61,083. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 11425.24. For landless households it was Rs. 6,750, for marginal farmers it was Rs 8,291.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 29,312.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 34,433.33, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 11,583.33. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 101 coconut, 3 guava trees, 1 mango tree and 2 sapota trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 8 coconut trees in their backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 96 neem trees and 12 banyan trees in the field. The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 71.43 per cent, Bengalgram 86.67 per cent, brinjal 80 per cent, cotton 100 per cent, cowpea 50 per cent, Greengram 80 per cent, groundnut 86.36 per cent, maize 90.67 per cent, sugarcane 96.55 per cent and sunflower 85 per cent. The results indicated that, about 100 per cent of farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 13.33 per cent of the households sold their produce to local/village merchants, 3.33 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society, 3.33 per cent have sold through contract marketing arrangement and another 3.33 per cent have sold in regulated markets. 5 The results indicated that 53.33 per cent have used cart, 43.33 per cent have used tractor, 26.67 per cent have carried headloads, 3.33 per cent of the farmers have used truck and 3.33 per cent have used bus as a mode of transport. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 50 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 30 per cent, open well was the source of drinking water for 10 per cent and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 6.67 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, 80 percent used fire wood, 3.33 per cent used dung cake and another 16.67 percent of the households used LPG. Electricity was the major source of light for 96.67 per cent of the households in micro watershed and 3.33 per cent used kerosene lamp as a source of light. The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 12.50 per cent of marginal, 12.50 per cent of small, 50 per cent of semi medium, and 50 per cent of medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 73.33 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 3.33 per cent possessed APL card and 23.33 per cent did not possess PDS card. The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 96.67 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 16.67 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 50 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 86.67 per cent, fruits were adequate for 33.33 per cent, milk was adequate for 86.67 per cent, eggs were adequate for 83.33 per cent and meat was adequate for 73.33 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 16.67 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (20%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (56.67%), inadequacy of irrigation water (16.67%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (66.67%), high rate of interest on credit (60%), low price for the agricultural commodities (16.67%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (56.67%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (66.67%), less rainfall (93.33%), inadequate extension services (16.67%) and source of agri technology information (46.67%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.150 & 41. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43900 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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