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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HALE KUMTA-1 (4D3A9G1b) MICRO WATERSHED Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Hale kumta-1 (4D3A9G1b) Microwatershed, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS& LUP Sujala MWS Publ.528, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.129 & 28. |
Series/Report no.: | 529; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Hale Kumta-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 556 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 36 per cent is covered by soil, <1 per cent settlements, <1 per cent by mining/Industries and 64 per cent by Rock outcrops. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 4 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About <1 per cent of the soils are very shallow (<25 cm), 7 per cent shallow (25- 50cm), 17 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and 11 per cent moderately deep (75- 100 cm) soils. About <1 per cent of the soils are sandy (loamy sand), 32 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 3 per cent has clayey soils at the surface. About 3 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) and 33 per cent gravelly (15- 35%) soils. With respect to available water capacity 7 per cent of the area has very low (<50mm/m) and 28 per cent of the area has low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 3 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 33 per cent is moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 2 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0 to 6.5), 13 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3), 13 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 6 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), and 1 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are <2 dsm-1 indicating that soils are non saline. Organic carbon is medium (0.5-0.75%) in 16 per cent and high (>0.75%) in 20 per cent. Available phosphorus is low (<23 kg/ha) in 6 per cent, medium (<23 kg/ha) in 14 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 15 per cent area of the soils. Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 34 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 1 per cent area of the soils. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in 20 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in 3 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 12 per cent area of the soils. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in 16 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 19 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available iron is deficient (<4.5ppm) in 17 per cent and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 18 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 34 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 157(28) Sapota - 60(11) Maize - 157(28) Pomegranate - 60(11) Bajra 60(11) 97(17) Guava - 60(11) Redgram - 60(11) Jackfruit - 60(11) Bengal gram - - Jamun - - Groundnut - 157(28) Musambi - 60(11) Sunflower - 60(11) Lime - 60(11) Cotton - 60(11) Cashew - 60(11) Chilli - 157(28) Custard apple 60(10) 97(17) Tomato - 157(28) Amla 60(10) 97(17) Brinjal - 157(28) Tamarind - - Onion - 157(28) Marigold - 157(18) Bhendi - 157(28) Chrysanthemum - 157 (18) Drumstick - 60(11) Jasmine - 157(18) Mulberry - 60(11) Crossandra - 157(18) Mango - - - - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change.SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data on households sampled for socio economic survey in Hale Kumta-1 micro-watershed indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Hale Kumta-1 microwatershed among them 7 (24.14 %) were landless farmers, 3 (10.34 %) were marginal farmers, 10 (34.48 %) were small farmers, 7 (24.14 %) were semi medium farmer and 2 (6.90 %) were medium farmers. The data indicated that there were 84 (51.85 %) men and 78 (48.15 %) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless’ was 3.85, marginal farmers’ was 4.33, small farmers’ was 5.7, semi medium farmers’ was 6.57 and medium farmers’ was 9.5. The data indicated that, 52 (32.10 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 73 (45.06 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 35 (21.60 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 2 (1.23 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Hale Kumta-1 had 32.10 per cent illiterates, 0.62 per cent Functional Literate, 33.95 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.85 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.96 per cent of them had high school education, 5.56 per cent of them had PUC education and 0.62 per cent of them had Degree and Masters education. The results indicate that, 20.69 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 62.07 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 17.24 per cent of the household heads were Housewife. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 12.96 per cent of the household members, 36.42 per cent were agricultural labourers, 27.16 per cent were students, 14.20 per cent were housewives, 0.62 per cent were Dairy farm and 8.64 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any of the institution. The results indicate that 96.55 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 3.45 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 31.03 per cent of the households possess TV, 44.83 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 48.28 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.45 per cent of the households possess Auto and 79.31 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs 8,888, grinder was Rs 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 78,714, Auto was Rs. 100,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,200. About 31.03 per cent of them possess plough and 68.97 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of plough was Rs. 1,500 and average value of weeder was Rs.107. 2 The results indicate that, 27.59 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 20.69 per cent of the households possess local cow. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.64, average own labour (women) available was 1.05, average hired labour (men) available was 38.18 and average hired labour (women) available was 36.59. The results indicate that, 75.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Hale Kumta-1 micro-watershed possess 17.07 ha (48.62 %) of dry land and 18.04 ha (51.38 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 1.66 ha (89.13 %) of dry land and 0.20 ha (10.87 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 12.98 ha (88.66 %) of dry land and 1.66 ha (11.34 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.43 ha (21.45 %) of dry land and 8.89 ha (78.55 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 7.28 ha (100 %) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 456,865.06 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 271,550.37. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 722,926.85 for dry land and Rs. 1,482,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 446,710.31 for dry land and Rs. 301,219.52 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 329,333.33 for dry land and Rs. 303,550.30 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 192,111.11 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 11 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 37.93 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 40.46 meters. The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.20 ha, 1.66 ha, 8.89 ha and 7.29 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown Bajra (3.46 ha), maize (30.52 ha) and Paddy (1.13 ha). The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hale Kumta-1 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 32268.46. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27295.69. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -4972.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.85. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 50786.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from 3 Paddy cultivation was Rs. 23313.38. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.46. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27861.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47922.71. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 20060.77. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.72. The results indicate that, 31.03 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 31.03 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 14,285.71for landless households, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 33,333.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 67,000, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 77,428.57 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 190,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,985.88. For landless households it was Rs. 2,857.14, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,777.78, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,290, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 6,836.73 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 66,250. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 7 coconut and 55 Mango trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 117 neem, 1 Tamarind and 6 Teak trees in their field. For land development, average additional investment was Rs. 5,000 and for improved crop production it was Rs. 2,517.24. Loan from bank was source of additional investment was 37.93 per cent and 3.45 per cent was with own funds. The results indicated that, Bajra was sold to the extent of 84.62 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 50 per cent and Maize was sold to the extent of 99.16 per cent. The results indicated that, about 75.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants. The results indicated that 75.86 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 41.38 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 75.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 93.10 per cent of the households used firewood and 6.90 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 86.21 per cent of the households and Lake/ Tank was the source of drinking water for 13.79 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 4 The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 79.31 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 79.31 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 13.79 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 51.72 per cent, milk was adequate for 96.55 per cent, Fruits was adequate for 6.90 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 100 per cent. The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 86.21 per cent, Vegetables were inadequate for 48.28 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 93.10 per cent and Milk was inadequate for 3.45 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, 75.86 per cent each of the households experienced lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases, inadequacy of irrigation water, high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit respectively. |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.129 & 28. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43973 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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