LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT KATARKI WEST-1 (4D4A2R1f) MICRO WATERSHED Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka Koppal Taluk,

Abstract

The land resource inventory of Katarki West-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 485 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soil and 1 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 20 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 13 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75- 100 cm) and 66 per cent is deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm) soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed is clayey soils at the surface.  About 87 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils and 11 per cent has gravelly (15-35 %) soils.  With respect to available water capacity 20 per cent of the area has low (51-100 mm/m), 13 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 66 per cent very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 13 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 86 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 16 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 83 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 5 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 93 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dSm-1 indicating that the soils are non saline.  Organic carbon is low (<0.5%) in 60 per cent and medium (0.5-0.75%) in 39 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (<23 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 59 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 40 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in 58 per cent and medium (10-20 ppm) in 40 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in 43 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 55 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 74 per cent and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 25 per cent area of the soils.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 342(71) 136(29) Sapota - - Maize - 466(96) Pomegranate - 383(79) Bajra - 478(99) Musambi 308(63) 75(16) Groundnut - - Lime 308(63) 75(16) Sunflower 308(63) 75(16) Amla - 478(99) Redgram - 355(74) Cashew - - Bengal gram 342(71) 136(28) Jackfruit - - Cotton 342(71) 136(28) Jamun - 321(66) Chilli - - Custard apple 342(71) 136(28) Tomato - 12(3) Tamarind - 321(66) Brinjal - 478(99) Mulberry - - Onion - - Marigold - 478(99) Bhendi - 466(96) Chrysanthemum - 478(99) Drumstick - 383(79) Jasmine - 107(23) Mango - - Crossandra - 107(23) Guava - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Katarki West-1 is located at North latitude 150 15’ 40.732” and 150 14’ 2.333” and East longitude 760 4’ 10.044'' and 760 2’ 3.61” covering an area of about 485.27 ha coming under Bettageri, Bisarahalli and Gudlanura villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Katarki West-1 micro watersheds of Katarki subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 39 total respondents, 10 (25.64 %) were marginal, 11 (28.21%)were small, 9 (23.08 %) were Semi medium and 4 (10.26 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 90 (52.63%) men and 81 (47.37 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (36.26%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 25.15 per cent illiterates, 71.92 per cent pre university education and 8.19 per cent attained graduation.  About, 89.74 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 10.26 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 26.32 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 66.67 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 15.38 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.05 per cent possess TV, 23.08 per cent possess mixer grinder, 76.92 per cent possess mobile phones and 30.77 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 7.69 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.56 per cent possess tractor, 12.82 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.13 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.13 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 11.32 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.55.  Further, 94.87 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 79.69 per cent (60.34 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 20.31 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 5 live bore wells and 6 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 17.94 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Sunflower, Onion, Bengal gram and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 94.31 per cent.  Out of the sample households 76.92 percent possessed bank account and 76.92 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 76.92 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Sunflower, Onion, Bengal gram and Groundnut was Rs.31759.16, 41360.34, 27869.68, 20719.38 and 45897.68 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 1, 1: 1.80, 1: 2.10 and 1:0.90 respectively.  Further, 10.26 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.56 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 66071.79 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 54379.49 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 43 horticulture trees and 57 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1307.69 for land development and Rs. 230.77 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.56 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 28.21 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 58.97 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 79.49 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (76.92%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 74.36 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 87.18 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.44 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.56 per cent of the household’s possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (89.74%), pulses (53.85%) and oilseeds (25.64%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (74.36%) wild animal menace on farm field (53.85%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (51.28%), inadequacy of irrigation water (17.95%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (35.90%), high rate of interest on credit (10.26%), low price for the agricultural commodities (15.38%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (23.08%), inadequate extension services (17.95%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (51.28%), Less rainfall (71.79%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (38.46%).