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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HANUMANAHALLI-1 (4D3A9C2b) MICRO WATERSHED Koppla Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde,Ramesh Kumar. S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | : ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde,Ramesh Kumar. S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Hanumanhalli -1 (4D3A9C2b) Microwatershed, Kasaba Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ .287 ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.153 & 41. |
Series/Report no.: | 287; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Hanumanahalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 535 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soil, <1 per cent by miscellaneous land, 2 per cent by rock outcrops and 4 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below The soils belong to 18 soil series and 30 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 2 per cent of the soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 9 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 21 per cent moderately deep (75- 100 cm) and 61 per cent is deep to very deep (100->150cm) soils. About 69 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 24 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface. About 58 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (<15%) soils, 34 per cent has gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 2 per cent very gravelly (35-60 %) soils. With respect to available water capacity 27 per cent of the area has very low (<50mm/m), 51 per cent of the area has low (51-100 mm/m), 9 per cent medium (101- 150 mm/m) and 6 per cent high (151-200 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 31 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 62 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 1 per cent is slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5), 22 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 37 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 31 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 3 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly <2 dSm-1 indicating that soils are non saline. Organic carbon is low (<0.5%) in 7 per cent, medium (0.5-0.75%) in 38 per cent and high (>0.75%) in 48 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is low (<23 kg/ha) in 9 per cent, medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 55 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 29 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available potassium is low (<145 kg/ha) in 4 per cent, medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 79 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 10 per cent of the soils. Available sulphur is low (<10ppm) in 11 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in 46 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 37 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in 80 per cent, medium (0.5-1.0) in 12 per cent and high (>1.0) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 36 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 58 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 81(15) 129(24) Sapota 79(15) 188(36) Maize 69(13) 141(26) Pomegranate 79(15) 188(36) Bajra 81(15) 235(44) Musambi 79(15) 188(36) Groundnut 3(1) 341(63) Lime 79(15) 188(36) Sunflower 79(15) 105(20) Amla 113(21) 375(71) Redgram 79(15) 105(20) Cashew 45(9) 225(42) Bengal gram - 233(44) Jackfruit 79(15) 188(36) Cotton 41(8) 169(31) Jamun 41(8) 214(40) Chilli 71(13) 126(24) Custard apple 113(21) 375(71) Tomato 71(13) 126(24) Tamarind 41(8) 130(24) Brinjal 108(20) 264(50) Mulberry 79(15) 360(68) Onion 105(20) 253(47) Marigold 69(13) 141(26) Bhendi 105(20) 266(50) Chrysanthemum 69(13) 141(26) Drumstick 90(17) 249(47) Jasmine 69(13) 141(26) Mango 41(8) 130(24) Crossandra 79(15) 118(22) Guava 48(9) 219(41) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 155 (58.27%) men and 111 (41.73%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers was 4, marginal farmers’ was 5.6, small farmers’ was 4.6, semi medium farmers’ was 5.1 and medium farmers’ was 6.2. The data indicated that, 65 (24.44%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 115 (43.23%) were in 16-35 years of age, 62 (23.31%) were in 36-60 years of age and 24 (9.02 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Hanumanahalli-1 had 33.08 per cent illiterates, 0.75 per cent functional literates, 32.71 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.89 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.29 per cent of them had high school education, 7.89 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.88 per cent of them did ITI, 0.75 per cent of them had degree education and 1 persons was doing masters. The results indicate that, 90.20 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 1.96 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers, 3.92 per cent were in private service, and 5.88 per cent were housewives. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 34.21 per cent of the household members, 23.68 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.63 per cent were in private service, 0.75 per cent were into trade and business, 28.20 per cent were students, 7.14 per cent were housewives and 2.93 per cent were children. The results show that 100 per cent of the households have not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 3.92 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 88.24 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 3.92 per cent of them possess pucca house and 3.92 per cent of them possess semi pucca house. The results shows that 98.04 per cent of the households possess TV, 19.61 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 9.80 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 54.90 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.92 per cent of them possess auto, 1.96 per cent computer/laptop and 96.08 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.5700, mixer grinder was Rs.1150, motor cycle was Rs.41666, Auto was Rs.40000, computer/laptop was Rs.30000 mobile phone was Rs.1604 and bicycle was Rs.850. About 3.92 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 7.84 per cent of them possess plough, 1.96 per cent of them possess power tiller, 7.84 per cent of them possess tractor, 5.88 per cent of them posses sprayer, 3.92 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 27.45 per cent of them possess weeder. 2 The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.2050, the average value of tractor was Rs. 475000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1600, the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18500, sprinkler was Rs.2500, harvester was Rs.8000 and the average value of weeder Rs.59. The results indicate that, 23.53 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 19.61 per cent of the households possess local cow, 1.96 per cent of them possess crossbred cow, 7.84 per cent of them possess buffalo and 1.96 per cent of them possess goat. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.25, average hired labour (men) available was 3.35 and average hired labour (women) available was 4.77. The results indicate that, 49.02 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. About 90 per cent of the marginal farmers, 52.63 per cent of small, 9.09 per cent of semi medium and 50 per cent of medium and large farmers have opined that hired labour was adequate. Around 52.94 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Hanumanahalli-1 micro watershed possess 59.31 ha (69.39%) of dry land and 26.16 ha (30.61%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.85 ha (92.34%) of dry land and 0.49 ha (7.66%). Small farmers possess 22.28 ha (92.63%) of dry land and 1.77 ha (7.37%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 12.36 ha (60.60%) of dry land and 8.04 ha (39.40%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 18.82 ha (54.26%) dry land and 15.86 ha (45.74%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 247,741.54 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 328,620.05. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 597,856.15 for dry land and Rs. 1,029,166.63 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 336,512.26 for dry land and Rs. 451,141.54. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 153,667.32 for dry land and Rs. 385,548.84 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 95,592.35 for dry land and Rs. 264,642.86 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 17 functioning and 7 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 33.33 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 40.94 meters. The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 0.49 hectares, small farmers had 0.81 hectares, semi medium farmers had 8.04 hectares and medium farmers had 10.20 hectares. The results indicate that, farmers have grown Bajra (13.22 ha), chilly (1.21 ha), cotton (4.45 ha), cowpea (0.4 ha), groundnut (3.64 ha), maize (28.1 ha), navane 3 (1.62 ha), pearlmillet (1.32 ha), redgram (13.57 ha), sorghum (1.21 ha), sunflower (7.74 ha), and Bengalgram (1.21 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, cowpea, maize and redgram. Small farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, maize, navane, pearlmillet, redgram, sorghum, and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, chilly, cotton, groundnut, maize, redgram, sunflower, bengalgram. Medium farmers have grown bajra, cotton, maize, sunflower, redgram. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hanumanahalli-1 micro watershed was found to be 70.51 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 79.65 per cent, for small farmers it was 88.24 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 56.98 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 67.95 per cent. The results indicate that, 39.22 per cent of the households possess bank account and savings in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, 37.25 per cent of the households have availed loan from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 32346.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26614.46. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. -5732.35, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.82. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 34153.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21734.20. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 12419.15. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.64. The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 13755.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 9880. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -3875.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.72. The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 32700.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67925. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 35224.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 32411.10. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27478.75. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -4932.35. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.85. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 32161.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79619.42. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 47458.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.48. The total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 55079.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86450. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 31370.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.57. The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 11375.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29825.25. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 18449.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.62. 4 The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 39575.10. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. - 2525.10. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.94. The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 25646.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27208.96. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 1562.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.06. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 21295.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28690.72. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 7395.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35. The results indicate that, 11.76 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 21.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Around 11.76 per cent of the households said that dry fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs.180000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs.47935, for small farmers it was Rs.55857.89, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.262540, and for medium farmers it was Rs.65880. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4853.22. For marginal farmers it was Rs 6908.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 2460.70, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9400, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 2827.78. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 67 coconut, and 3 mango trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 4 coconut trees in their backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 96 neem trees, 2 tamarind trees, 4 teak trees and 16 banyan trees in their field. The results indicated that, bajra, Bengalgram, chilly, cotton, cowpea, navane and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut was sold to the extent of 89.60 per cent, maize 68.85 per cent, redgram 99.08 per cent and sorghum 75 per cent. The results indicated that, about 21.57 per cent of the households sold their produce to agrnts/traders, 35.29 per cent of the households sold their produce to local/village, another 5.88 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society, and 70.59 per cent have sold in regulated markets. The results indicated that 9.80 per cent have carried head loads, 33.33 per cent have used cart, 90.20 per cent have used tractor as a mode of transport. The results indicated that, 27.45 per cent of the farmers opined that they experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 31.37 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 5 60.78 per cent of the households, open well was the source of drinking water for 1.96 per cent and canal/nala was the source of drinking water for 5.88 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, 76.47 percent used fire wood, and another 25.49 percent of the households used LPG. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 15.69 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 20 per cent of marginal, 10.53 per cent of small, 18.18 per cent of semi medium, and 10 per cent of medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 84.31 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 11.76 per cent possess APL card and 3.92 per cent did not possess PDS card. The results indicated that, 31.37 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 37.25 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 31.37 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 33.33 per cent, fruits were adequate for 15.69 per cent, milk was adequate for 37.25 per cent, eggs were adequate for 19.61 per cent and meat was adequate for 13.73 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 64.71 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 54.90 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 54.90 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 49.02 per cent, milk was inadequate for 50.98 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 52.94 per cent and meat was inadequate for 21.57 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 60.78 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (56.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (39.22%), inadequacy of irrigation water (33.33%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (39.22%), high rate of interest on credit (47.06%), low price for the agricultural commodities (45.10%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (45.10%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (64.71%), less rainfall (70.59%), inadequate extension services (21.57%) and source of agri-technology information (47.06%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.153 & 41. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/44132 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
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