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Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT KAVALUR EAST-1 (4D4A2P2a) MICRO WATERSHED Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory for Watershed Planning and Development of Kavalur east-1 (4D4A2P2a) Microwatershed, Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.236, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.125 & 29. |
Series/Report no.: | 236; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Kavalur East-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 370 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 96 per cent is covered by soils and 4 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 5 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 3 Land management units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture. About 45 per cent of the soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (<25-75 cm), 41 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm) and 10 per cent soils are very deep (>150 cm). Entire area has clayey soils at the surface. About 47 per cent area has non-gravelly (<15% gravel) soils and 50 per cent has gravelly to very gravelly (15-60%) soils. About 45 per cent area is very low to low (<50-100 mm/m), 40 per cent area has medium (101-150 mm/m) and 11 per cent area is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. Entire area is moderately eroded (e2) lands. Entire area has moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction. About 91 per cent of the soils are non saline (<2 dsm-1), 2 per cent is low to medium (2-8 dsm-1) and 3 per cent soils are high to extremely high (8- >16 dsm-1) in electrical conductivity (EC). Organic carbon is low (<0.5%) in 50 per cent area, medium (0.5-0.75%) in 36 per cent area and high (>0.75%) in 10 per cent area. Entire area is low (<23 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. Entire area is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Entire area is high (>20 kg/ha) in available sulphur. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in about 71 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 25 per cent area. Available iron is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 2 per cent area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 94 per cent area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area. Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 17 (5) 327 (88) Pomegranate - 188 (51) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - - Jackfruit - - Groundnut - - Jamun - 39 (11) Sunflower 17 (5) 171 (46) Musambi 40 (11) 149 (40) Cotton 17 (5) 326 (88) Lime 40 (11) 149 (40) Red gram - 39 (11) Cashew - - Bengalgram 17 (5) 326 (88) Custard apple 40 (11) 149 (40) Chilli - - Amla - 344 (93) Tomato - - Tamarind - 39 (11) Drumstick - 189 (50) Marigold - 344 (93) Mulberry - 188 (51) Chrysanthemum - 344 (93) Mango - - Jasmine - 156 (42) Sapota - - Crossandra - 156 (42) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kavalur East-1 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15016’ – 15019’ North latitudes and 75058’ – 76001’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 435.01 ha, bounded by Kavalura, Alavandi and Thalakalla villages with length of growing period (LGP) 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kavalur East-1 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 54.0 to 46.0 per cent to the total sample population. Majority of male population in medium farmers (75.0%) and female population (25.0%) in semi- medium farmers. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 60.0 per cent to the total sample population. About 80.0 per cent of younger comes under marginal farmer of size group. Literacy population is around 80.0 per cent of sample households. The highest in marginal farmers (100 %) of size groups. Social groups belong to other backward caste is around 66.7 per cent. About 100 per cent of other backward caste in marginal farmers. Firewood is the main source of energy for cooking among 55.6 per cent of sample farm households. About 33.3 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. About 55.6 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system was about 66.7 per cent of households. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 77.8 per cent. Around 10 per cent of households co-operated to in institutional participation among them majority of participating households are medium farmers. 2 Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 66.7 per cent of sample households. Women participation in decisions making are around 22.2 per cent of sample households. Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 2.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 92.7 % and fallow land is 7.3 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation is around 33.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation is around 48.1per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 7845 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 101783 per household, about 22.2 per cent of sample farmers are having sprayer. The average value of livestock is around Rs. 35000 per household; about 100 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 1738 kilo calories against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 2250 kilo calories. Around 88.9 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs. 13314 per household: All sample farm households are below poverty line. The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.200. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 7580/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in wheat (Rs. 13159) followed by greengram (Rs. 8403), bengalgram (Rs.5254), maize (Rs. 1161) bajra (Rs. 1053) and sorghum and sunflower are negative return. The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2632/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs.1378) and maize (Rs. 494). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in greengram (Rs.42645) followed by bengalgram (Rs. 37600), wheat (Rs. 34694), bajra (Rs. 22111), sorghum (Rs. 20076), sunflower (Rs.20630) and maize (Rs. 7244). 3 Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is greengram (40.9 %) followed by coriander (21.8 %) bengalgram (19.1 %), sunflower (13.4 %) and bajra (4.8 %). Kavalur East-1 Micro-watershed, major soils are soil belagattii (BGT) series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 3.15 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growingg sorghum. Ravanaki (RNK) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 42.1 per cent of areas, crops are sorghum, Dambarahalli (DRL) series is have moderately deep soil depth cover around 40.11 % of area. crops are bajra (33.3%), bengalgram (20.0%), greengram (13.3%) and maize (33.3%) and BDR soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around of area, crop are bengalgram (39.9%), sorghum (27.9%), sunflower (15.5% ) and wheat (16.7%) The data on cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sorghum range between Rs. 21084/ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 0.90) and Rs. 7612/ha in BGT soil (with BCR of 1.54). In bengalgram the cost of cultivation is Rs.18853/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.10) and Rs.10383/ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 1.78). In sunflower the cost of cultivation is Rs.23740/ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 0.90) bajra cultivation is Rs 8827/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.12). In wheat the cost of cultivation in Rs 15297/ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 1.86). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bajra (25.3 %), bengal gram 4 (23.6 %), coriander (89.3 %), green gram (65.1 %), sorghum (62.7 to 36.6 %) and sunflower (46.7 %). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.125 & 29 |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/50003 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
Files in This Item:
File | Description | Size | Format | |
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236.Kavalur East-1_(2P2a).pdf | 17.6 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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