KRISHI
ICAR RESEARCH DATA REPOSITORY FOR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
(An Institutional Publication and Data Inventory Repository)
"Not Available": Please do not remove the default option "Not Available" for the fields where metadata information is not available
"1001-01-01": Date not available or not applicable for filling metadata infromation
"1001-01-01": Date not available or not applicable for filling metadata infromation
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/50015
Title: | LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT GANGANAL (4D3A9N2e) MICRO WATERSHED Irakallagada Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka |
Other Titles: | Not Available |
Authors: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh |
ICAR Data Use Licennce: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/PDF/ICAR_Data_Use_Licence.pdf |
Author's Affiliated institute: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning |
Published/ Complete Date: | 2019-12-31 |
Project Code: | Not Available |
Keywords: | Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project |
Publisher: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project) |
Citation: | Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Ganganal (4D3A9N2e) Microwatershed, Irakallagada Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ. 285 ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.141 & 33. |
Series/Report no.: | 285; |
Abstract/Description: | The land resource inventory of Ganganal-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 756 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 94 per cent is covered by soils, 3 per cent by rock outcrops and 3 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 11 soil series and 30 soil phases (management units) and 5 Land Management Units. The length of crop growing period is <90 days and starts from 2nd week of August to 2nd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area of about 94 per cent is suitable for agriculture. About 73 per cent of the soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm), 6 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm) and 16 per cent soils are very deep (>150 cm). About 1 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 73 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 21 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 17 per cent area has non-gravelly (<15% gravel) soils, 78 per cent has gravelly to very gravelly (15-60%) soils. About 77 per cent area is very low to low (<50-100 mm/m), 7 per cent area is medium to high (101-200 mm/m) and 11 per cent area is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 11 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands, 67 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping(1-3% slope) lands and 16 per cent area of microwatershed has gently sloping (3-5% slope) lands. An area of about 9 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded, 35 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 50 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded. An area of about 10 per cent soils are strongly acid to slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5), 39 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 31 per cent soil are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly <2 dsm-1 indicating that the soils are non-saline. Organic carbon is medium (0.5-0.75%) in 34 per cent area and high (>0.75%) in 60 per cent area. Entire cultivated area is of the microwatershed is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 30 per cent is low (<145 kg/ha), 53 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 11 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in an area of about 20 per cent, medium (10 -20 ppm) in 43 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area about 63 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the microwatershed. An area of about 90 per cent is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 4 per cent is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in available iron content. Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in available manganese content. Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content. An area of about 9 per cent is deficient (<0.6 ppm) and 85 per cent is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in available zinc content. The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 48(6) 475(63) Sapota - 78(10) Maize - 523(69) Pomegranate - 163(22) Bajra 45(6) 550(73) Guava - 78(10) Groundnut 29(4) 407(54) Jackfruit - 78(10) Sunflower 48(6) 115(15) Jamun - 163(22) Cotton 48(6) 475(63) Musambi 48(6) 115(15) Red gram - 163(22) Lime 48(6) 115(15) Bengalgram 85(11) 496(66) Cashew - 78(10) Chilli - 486(64) Custard apple 126(17) 469(62) Tomato - 486(64) Amla 126(17) 469(62) Brinjal 45(6) 139(18) Tamarind - 134(18) Onion 29(4) 107(14) Marigold - 523(69) Bhendi 29(4) 155(21) Chrysanthemum - 523(69) Drumstick 16(2) 147(20) Jasmine - 438(58) Mulberry 16(2) 99(13) Crossandra - 438(58) Mango - 49(7) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 97 (55.75%) men and 77 (44.25%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 4, marginal farmers’ was 5, small farmers’ was 4.8, semi medium farmers’ was 5.3 and medium farmers’ was 6. The data indicated that, 30 (17.24%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (47.13%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (28.74%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (6.90%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Ganganal-1 had 37.36 per cent illiterates, 35.63 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.34 per cent of them had middle school education, 5.75 per cent of them had high school education, 5.17 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.57 per cent of them did ITI, 4.02 per cent of them had degree education and 0.57 per cent did Ph.D. The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 17.14 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 2.86 per cent were in private service. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 17.24 per cent of the household members, 57.47 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.30 per cent were in private service, 22.41 per cent were students and 0.57 per cent were housewives. The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 94.29 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.71 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 2.86 per cent of the households possess radio, 40 per cent of the households possess TV, 34.29 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 17.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent possess tempo and 88.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of radio was Rs.2000, television was Rs. 4,035, mixer grinder was Rs.1583, bicycle was Rs. 1000, motor cycle was Rs.100333, tempo was Rs.6000 and mobile phone was Rs.1845. About 5.71 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 45.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess transplanter/grinder, 2.86 per cent of them possess power tiller, 2.86 per cent of them possess tractor, 34.29 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.86 per cent possess thresher, 62.86 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 48.57 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.14000, the average value of plough was Rs.970, transplanter/grinder was Rs.300000, power tiller was Rs.500, tractor was Rs.200000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1166, thresher was Rs.1000 and chaff cutter was Rs.441. 2 The results indicate that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 37.14 per cent of the households possess local cow. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.94, average own labour (women) available was 1.94, average hired labour (men) available was 5.62 and average hired labour (women) available was 6. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Ganganal-1 micro-watershed possess 34.95 ha (68.98%) of dry land and 15.72 ha (31.02%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.64 ha (79.72%) of dry land and 0.93 ha (20.28%). Small farmers possess 11.86 ha (93.49%) of dry land and 0.83 ha (6.51%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.36 ha (60.34%) of dry land and 7.46 per cent (39.66%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.09 ha (55.45%) dry land and 6.50 (44.55%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 205,928.67 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 349,768.28. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 466,555.56 for dry land and Rs. 1,078,602.58 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 320,341.30 for dry land and was Rs. 605,392.17 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 123,235.92 for dry land and Rs. 375,054.23 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 37,050 for dry land and Rs. 184,443.07 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 16 functioning and 16 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 45.71 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 29.78 meters. The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 1.70 ha, 2.02 ha, 6.06 ha and 3.24 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (21.6 ha), groundnut (0.4 ha), maize (22.65 ha), paddy (5.77 ha) and jowar (1.21 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, paddy and maize. Small farmers have grown bajra, paddy, maize and jowar. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, paddy, groundnut and maize. Medium farmers have grown maize, bajra and paddy. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Ganganal-1 micro-watershed was found to be 76.88 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 88.95 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 89.98 and medium farmers it was 52.46 per cent. The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households have bank account and 82.86 per cent have savings. 3 The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 49183.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 60452.29. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 11268.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 63945.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39026. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -24919.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.61. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 33460.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38324.11. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 4863.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.15. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 35661.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42552.71. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 6890.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.19. The total cost of cultivation for Jowar was Rs. 25734.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 5137.60. The net income from Jowar cultivation was Rs. - 20596.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.2. The results indicate that, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 37.14 per cent opined that dry fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 82,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 96,428.57, for small farmers it was Rs. 81,500, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 121,950 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 246,666.67. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,355.78. For landless households it was Rs. 7,600, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 8,877.55, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,216.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7,950 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 35,000. The results indicate that, households have planted 19 coconut trees in the field and 2 coconut trees in the backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 71 neem tree and 1 teak tree in their fields. The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 58.33 per cent, groundnut to the extent of 25 per cent, jowar to the extent of 60 per cent, maize to the extent of 4.03 per cent and paddy was sold to the extent of 54.55 per cent. The results indicated that, about 94.29 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 2.86 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. 4 The results indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 14.29 per cent of the marginal farmers, 50 per cent of the small farmers and 20 per cent of semi medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems. The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 67.65 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 14.71 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 17.65 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 80 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 60 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 77.14 per cent, fruits were adequate for 65.71 per cent, milk was adequate for 48.57 per cent and eggs were adequate for 85.71 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 20 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 42.86 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 22.86 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 8.57 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 11.43 per cent and milk was inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (80%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (45.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (34.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (31.43%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), less rainfall (51.43%) and source of agri-technology information (28.57%). |
Description: | Not Available |
ISSN: | Not Available |
Type(s) of content: | Project Report |
Sponsors: | Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
Language: | English |
Name of Journal: | Not Available |
Volume No.: | Not Available |
Page Number: | p.141 & 33. |
Name of the Division/Regional Station: | ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru |
Source, DOI or any other URL: | Not Available |
URI: | http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/50015 |
Appears in Collections: | NRM-NBSSLUP-Publication |
Files in This Item:
File | Description | Size | Format | |
---|---|---|---|---|
285. Ganganal-1_9N2e.pdf | 16.38 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
Items in KRISHI are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.