Metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles from the plant, animal, and fisheries wastes: potential and valorization for application in agriculture.

Abstract

Global agriculture is facing tremendous challenges due to climate change. The most predominant amongst these challenges are abiotic and biotic stresses caused by increased incidences of temperature extremes, drought, unseasonal fooding, and pathogens. These threats, mostly due to anthropogenic activities, resulted in severe challenges to crop and livestock production leading to substantial economic losses. It is essential to develop environmentally viable and cost-efective green processes to alleviate these stresses in the crops, livestock, and fsheries. The application of nanomaterials in farming practice to minimize nutrient losses, pest management, and enhance stress resistance capacity is of supreme importance. This paper explores innovative methods for synthesizing metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles using plants, animals, and fsheries wastes and their valorization to mitigate abiotic and biotic stresses and input use efciency in climate-smart and stressresilient agriculture including crop plants, livestock, and fsheries