Isolation and characterization of potential Zn solubilizing bacteria from soil and its effects on soil Zn release rates, soil available Zn and plant Zn content

Abstract

In this study, experiments were designed to isolate, characterize and evaluate an array of bacteria isolates for their Zn solubilization potential. Out of the six promising Zn solubilizing bacteria (ZnSB), ZnSB2 (B. megaterium, KY687496) was found to be the most potential strain owing to its enhanced Zn solubilization in vitro. In the quantitative study, the net Zn solubilized by ZnSB2 was significantly higher than those solubilized by the other ZnSB at all days of sampling. Similar effects of ZnSB2 was observed in the soil per se, wherein the rate of release of available Zn by ZnSB2 was markedly higher at all days of incubation (25.6%–40.7% of added Zn), with a peak on the 8th day. Such enhanced rates of Zn release by ZnSB2 were attributed to marked decrease in pH owing to enhanced gluconic acid production. In fact, gluconic acid production by ZnSB2 was 1884.7 ± 413.4 μgmL−1, which was 35.3–69.7% greater than the other shortlisted ZnSB isolates. Further evaluation of ZnSB2 was done in the green house using turmeric as the test crop. ZnSB2 was applied either alone or in combination with chemical Zn (75% and 100% of recommended Zn). The results revealed that soil available Zn level in the treatment with 75% Zn+ZnSB2 (12.69 ± 2.96 mg kg−1) was on par with the level in the treatment with 100% Zn (12.74 ± 2.63 mg kg−1) at 120 days after planting, while at harvest the treatment with 75% Zn+ZnSB2 maintained 65.0% higher available Zn levels than 100% Zn. The positive effect of ZnSB2 was also manifested on rhizome yield, which was at par in the treatments with ZnSB2+75% Zn (154.2 g ± 36.0 pot−1) and 100% Zn (177.2 ± 36.7 g pot−1). Besides, the Zn concentration in the rhizome was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the treatment with ZnSB2+75% Zn (40.5 ± 3.5 mg kg−1), which was at par with 100% Zn, but was greater by 98.5% compared to control. The study indicated that ZnSB2 strain was a potential candidate for enhanced Zn dissolution in soil, which would allow reduced inorganic Zn application rates. Nonetheless, in vitro interaction studies (dual culture) suggested that this strain was seriously lacking in disease suppressing traits. But its compatibility with several plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhanced the possibility of co-inoculation or applying ZnSB2 in a consortium mode especially in condition wherein both soil Zn solubilization and disease suppression becomes imperative.