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DEVELOPMENT OF MECHANICAL UREA BRIQUETTE APPLICATOR FOR SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION TECHNIQUE

KrishiKosh

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Title DEVELOPMENT OF MECHANICAL UREA BRIQUETTE APPLICATOR FOR SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION TECHNIQUE
M.Tech.
 
Creator MAN MOHAN DEO
 
Contributor Dipankar De
 
Subject organic compounds, fertilizers, placement, rice, land resources, mechanization, spacing, costs, nitrogen, economic resources
 
Description India is the second largest consumer of fertilizers in the world, after China. The total
annual nitrogen consumption in Indian agriculture is 16.56 Mt, of which about 40% is consumed
by rice. There is increasing trend in consumption and production of nitrogen in India. Nitrogen
fertilizer is usually broadcast as prills in paddy fields prior to transplanting, followed by one or
more topdressing in the floodwater within the period from transplanting to flowering. In wetland
paddy cultivation, only 30-40% of nitrogen applied is fruitfully utilized as about two-third part is
lost through gaseous losses, runoff, and leaching or is immobilized in the soil. One means to
reduce nitrogen losses and improve fertilizer efficiency is to deep place fertilizer nitrogen as urea
briquette (UB) of compacted prilled urea. Placement of UB may be done by hand
after conventional line transplanting at the rate of one UB near the centre of each four rice hills and
at soil depth of 7–10 cm, but is a time consuming process and requires lot of labour. Fertilizer deep
placement has been proven to be effective in increasing fertilizer use efficiency in wetland rice
production, but because of typical properties of fertilizer granule properties, machines developed to
place them gave inconsistent results. Thus, physical and engineering properties of urea briquettes
UB1 (3g) and UB2 (2g) were studied in relevance to the design of mechanical urea briquette
applicator. Size and shape of metering cup were designed on the basis of maximum size of
briquettes. Free flow of urea briquettes in the briquette hopper was influenced by angle of repose
of UB and coefficient of static friction between UB and hopper material. Performance of metering
mechanism of the applicator for uniformity of placement was tested in the laboratory on sticky belt,
and performance parameters as average spacing, multiple index, missing index, quality of feed
index and precision were evaluated. The metering device was tested for different cup sizes of
6.5mm (CS1), 3.5mm (CS2) and 2.5 mm (CS3) with hemi-spherical shape of cup. The average
spacing was significantly influenced by different sizes of cup and types of briquette at 5 % level of
significance. Miss index was highly influenced by different cup sizes at 5% level of significance.
The cup size (CS) also significantly influenced missing index. It was also observed that multiple
index was significantly influenced by cup size, urea briquette types at 5% level of significance, and
briquette size had maximum influence on multiple index. Quality of feed index was highly
influenced by UB type, followed by CS of the metering mechanism. General mean of quality of
feed index was 94.77 per cent. The effect of urea briquette and cup size was found to be nonsignificant
in case of precision. UB1 application rate was 112.4kg.ha-1, whereas in case of UB2 the
application rate was 71.2 kg.ha-1. Since UB1 could provide recommended rate of N, optimum
metering cup size for the briquette size was selected as 6.5 mm for final development of the
 
Date 2016-04-30T14:30:35Z
2016-04-30T14:30:35Z
2013
 
Type Thesis
 
Identifier http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/65687
 
Relation T-8849;
 
Format application/pdf
 
Publisher IARI, Division of Agricultural Engineering Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi