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Efficacy of Immunomodulators Lugol's Iodine and Prostaglandin F2_ in the Treatment of Postpartum Endometritis in Cows

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Title Efficacy of Immunomodulators Lugol's Iodine and Prostaglandin F2_ in the Treatment of Postpartum Endometritis in Cows
 
Creator Palanisamy, M.
 
Contributor Nepolean, R. Ezakial
 
Description Endometritis definitely increases the number of services per conception,thereby prolongs
the intercalving interval in bovines which in turn leads to heavy economic loss to the farmers. There
appears to be no consensus among theveterinarians regarding the best way of treating bovine
endometritis. Hence, it becomes the need of the hour to identify a suitable treatment regimen for
endometritis in cows, which is cost effective and should not alter the uterine defense mechanism. A
total of 72 crossbred cows were divided equally in to six groups as group I (LI), II (LPS), III (LYZ), IV
(OG), V (PGF2_) and VI (controlgroups). Group I cows were treated with 30 ml of 2 per cent Lugol’s
iodine for 3consecutive days from the day of oestrus. Group II, III and IV cows were administered
with single intrauterine dose of 30 ml PBS containing 100 μg of Escherichia coli LPS, 2 mg of
lysozymes (LYZ) and 500 mg of oysterglycogen(OG), respectively. Group V cows (PGF2_) were
administered with 25mg of PGF2_ intramuscularly on day 10 of the oestrus cycle. Control cows
weregiven single dose of 30 ml PBS through intrauterine route during the day of oestrus.
The cervical mucus was collected from all the experimental cows beforetreatment and
during subsequent oestrus following treatment for estimation of its pH, isolation of bacteria and it
was also subjected to white side test. Endometrialbiopsy was collected just prior to start treatment
in all the cows and during subsequent oestrum following treatment for histopathological evaluation
of endometrium. Blood and uterine fluid were collected from all the treatment and control cows
before treatment and at 24, 48 and 72 hours following treatment for haematological and cytological
studies. Sexual rest was given for one oestrus cycle following treatment and in the subsequent
oestrus, all the cows were artificially inseminated. Cost of therapy, recovery and conception rates in
each group were calculated. Out of 72 cows affected with endometritis, 69.44 per cent cows had
mild to severe deviation in the vulval conformation. The increasing percentage of clear mucus and
reduction in mucopurulent and purulent genital discharge following treatment in all treated cows
were confirmed by vaginal speculum examination (76.40) and vaginoscopy (70.80 per cent). Among
treatment groups, there was a 100 per cent clear cervical mucus in LPS treated cows followed by
91.70 per cent in LYZ and OG groups. In PGF2_ and LI groups, after treatment, 75.00 per cent cows
showed clear cervical mucus. But none of the control cows exhibited clear mucus after treatment.
White side test revealed 100 per cent positive reaction before treatment in all the cows. However,
after treatment, in LPS group, none of the cows showed positive reaction. Only 8.30 per cent cows in
LYZ and OG and 33.33 per cent in PGF2_ groups exhibited positive reaction but none of the control
cows showed negative reaction after infusion of PBS. The mean (± SE) pH value of the cervical mucus
and uterine fluid before treatment ranged from 8.47 ± 0.02 to 8.62 ± 0.02 and 7.87 ± 0.04 to 8.30 ±
0.02 and after the treatment it ranged from 7.01 ± 0.02 to 8.17 ± 0.04 and 7.61 ± 0.01 to 7.97 ± 0.01
in all the treated and control groups, respectively. The bacteria isolated from the endometritis
affected cows before and after treatment were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Pseudomonas, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella sp. and Clostridium
perferingens. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be predominant causative organism of
endometritis followed by E. coli. The bacterial colony counts recorded before treatment in cows
affected with endometritis significantly P_0.01) reduced after treatment in all the treated groups.
The mean (±SE) Hb level (grams per cent) and mean (±SE) PCV (percent) increased significantly in all
treated groups after treatment. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate varied from 1.33 ± 0.03 to 1.48
± 0.02 in cows affected with endometritis. The ESR values ranged from 1.25 ± 0.02 to 1.40 ± 0.02
after the treatment. The mean (±SE) total erythrocyte count after the treatment revealed no
significant difference among LPS, LYZ, OG and PGF2_ groups, but they differed statistically with LI
and control groups. After treatment, at all the time intervals (24, 48 and 72 hours), the mean (±SE)
leucocyte count showed an increasing trend both in control and treatmentgroups. After treatment,
there was a reduction in mean (±SE) lymphocyte count in LPS, LYZ, OG and control groups. But, the
count showed an increase in both LI and PGF2_ groups. After treatment, there was an increase in
the mean (±SE) blood PMN cell count in LPS, LYZ and OG treated groups and in control which was
observed to be sustained upto 72 hours of sampling. Whereas in the other two treatment groups LI
and PGF2_ decreasing trend was observed during the period following treatment. A significant
increase in the mean (±SE) cell counts of blood monocyte in LPS, LYZ, OG and LI treated groups
excluding the PGF2_ treated group was observed after treatment. A significant increase in the
eosinophil count soon after the initiation of the treatment was observed in LPS, LYZ and OG groups,
whereas a decrease in the eosinophil per cent was observed in LI and PGF2_ groups. In uterine fluid,
the total mean (±SE) leucocyte count (TLC) (thousand/ml) in the uterine flushing registered almost a
similar count in treated and control groups before treatment. At 24, 48 and 72 hours after initiation
of treatment, a significant increase in mean (±SE) TLC was observed in all the treated groups. The
mean (±SE) lymphocyte count before treatment in the uterine flushing revealed an almost uniform
percentage both in treatment and control groups. Except control, in all the other groups, there was a
drastic reduction in mean (±SE) lymphocyte count after treatment. Before treatment, the
percentage of mean (±SE) PMN in uterine fluid of all the treatment and control groups were almost
similar. However, an abrupt increase of PMN cells in uterine fluid at 24 hours after treatment was
noticed in all the treatment groups. Thereafter, the PMN cells reduced marginally as the time
advanced (48 and 72 hours). However, no such variation was observed in control group. The mean (±
SE) monocytes and eosinophilic counts in uterine fluid had only marginal variations during 0 hour of
treatment. However, the values increased at 24, 48 and 72 hours of treatment in all the treated
groups. After treatment, a marked reduction in epithelial cells was registered in the groups treated
with immunomodulators and PGF2_. After the initiation of the treatment, almost all the treatment
groups registered an increase in the mean (± SE) viable cell percentage. After treatment,
histopathology of endometrium showed regeneration of endometrial epithelium with mononuclear
cell infiltration in sub epithelial area, infiltration of macrophages in sub-mucosa, hyperplasia of the
glandular cells and endometrium and fully grown epithelium. The regenerative changes were
predominant in cows treated with immunomodulators followed by PGF2_ group. Treatment cost per
conception in LI, LPS, LYZ, OG and PGF2_ groups was Rs. 2.70, 13.00, 2.60, 255.00 and 490.00
respectively. In these groups, the conception rate obtained was 33.33, 83.33, 75.00, 66.67 and 50.00
per cent, respectively. The percentage of conception in control group was only 8.33 percent. Hence,
it is concluded that immunomodulators viz E.coli lipopolysaccharides, lysozyme, oyster glycogen and
PGF2_ can be used in the treatment of endometritis to achieve maximum conception rate under
field conditions.
 
Date 2016-07-26T15:15:51Z
2016-07-26T15:15:51Z
2012
 
Type Thesis
 
Identifier http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/69951
 
Language en
 
Format application/pdf
 
Publisher Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University