Health Assessment In Captive Asiatic Elephants (Elephas maximus)
KrishiKosh
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Title |
Health Assessment In Captive Asiatic Elephants (Elephas maximus)
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Creator |
Senthilkumar, A.
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Contributor |
Jayathangaraj, M.G.
Gomathinayagam, S. Valli, C. Thangavelu, A. |
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Subject |
Chemical composition
Proximate analysis Minerals-Fibre Probiotic E.coli-Salmonella Endoparasite Management |
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Description |
The study was carried out to estimate the chemical composition of feed materials (concentrate and fodder crops) which comprised proximate analysis related factors like dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract, total ash and Acid Insoluble Ash, minerals like calcium, phosphorus and sodium chloride, fibre fractions comprising of neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. Further, digestibility was estimated in all the temple elephants (n=25) and subsequent to supplementation of Probiotic bacteria comprising of Genus Lactobacillus and Bifiodobacterium in elephants (n=10) with low digestibility. In elephants with diarrhea (n=8), dung and water samples were examined to rule out evidences of micro organisms like E.coli and Genus Salmonella. Endoparasitic prevalence was also revealed in summer and winter seasons. Druing the study of proximate composition in different concentrate ingredients, Eleusine corocana (Ragi) was found to have significantly lowest amount of crude protein (6.07±0.02) and Cicer aritinum (Black gram) was found to have significantly highest crude protein (23.13±0.06), when compared to the other feed ingredients. Crude fibre content was significantly lowest in Oryza sativa (White flaked rice) (0.11± 0.00) and was significantly highest in Cicer aritinum (Bengal gram) (7.73±0.04). Significantly lowest values for ether extract, nitrogen free extract, total ash and acid soluble ash were encountered in the feed ingredients – Oryza sativa (Rice), Cicer aritinum (Bengal gram), Oryza sativa (Rice) and Macrotyloma uniflorum (White Horse Gram), respectively, and significantly highest values for ether extract, nitrogen free extract, total ash and acid soluble ash were encountered in the feed ingredients-Cicer aritinum (Bengal Gram), Oryza sativa (White flaked rice), Macrotyloma uniflorum (White Horse gram) and Oryza sativa (Rice), respectively. The calcium and phosphorus in per cent were significantly lowest in the Oryza sativa (white flaked rice) (0.23±0.01) and Oryza sativa (Rice) (0.14±0.00) respectively.The calcium and phosphorus in per cent were significantly highest in the Cicer aritinum (Bengal gram) (0.50±0.01) and Eleusine corocana (Ragi) (0.33±0.00). Among the fibre fractions examined, the lignin content was significantly lowest in Eleusine corocanai (Ragi) (0.33±0.00) and was significantly highest in Macrotyloma uniflorum (Black horse gram) (0.15±0.00). The crude protein content was significantly lowest in Onchlandra species (Nanal grass) (3.73±0.14) and was significantly highest in Fig tree leaves Ficus carica (Fig tree leaves) (14.30±1.92). Crude fibre content was significantly lowest in Sccharum officinarum (Sugarcane tops) (23.23±0.73) and was significantly highest in Hybrid grass (CO3) (33.77±0.43). Significantly lowest and highest values for ether extract, nitrogen free extract, total ash and acid soluble ash were revealed in various fodder crops under study. Calcium and phosphorus in per cent were significantly lowest in the Sccharum officinarum (Sugarcane tops) (0.02±0.01) and Banyan tree leaves Ficus bengalensis (Banyan tree leaves) (0.02±0.00), respectively and both of these minerals were significantly highest in the Ficus carica (Fig tree leaves) (0.26±0.04 and 0.12±0.01), respectively. Sodium chloride values in per cent significantly highest in Sccharum officinarum (Sugarcane tops). The lignin content was significantly lowest in Ficus bengalensis (Banyan tree leaves) (0.94±0.05) and was significantly highest in Sccharum officinarum (Sugarcane tops) (6.02±0.15). Dry matter digestibility in per cent was revealed for 25 elephants. Identification of Probiotic bacteria-Genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium was carried out using suitable culture methods from the elephant dung samples. The amplicon sizes were 233 bp and 1550 bp for Genus Lactobacillus and the amplicon sizes were 777 bp and 1350 bp for Genus Bifidobacteria. Subsequent to bulk culture and supplementation at the rate of 1 gram of Probiotic preparation with 1x109 CFU of Genus Lactobacillus and 1x109 CFU of Bifidobacterium orally per 50 kg body weight in 10 elephants, through concentrate feeds, on a daily basis for ten days, the digestibility improved in 9 elephants. Overall examination of dung and water samples related to the diarrheic elephants revealed that 75.00% (n=6) of the samples were positive, for Genus Salmonella and E.coli organisms. Culture and PCR were carried out for identification of these organisms. In summer season, mean + Standard Error of EPG of Strongyles, Strongyloides spp. and mixed parasitic infections comprising of these parasites were 153.17 ± 3.95, 177.00 ± 4.75 and 243.33 ± 11.21, respectively and in winter season, the Strongyles, Strongyloides spp. and mixed parasitic infections comprising of these parasites were 150.25 ± 5.57, 165.67 ± 2.72 and 224.00 ± 0.00, respectively. Management measures were recommended for the captive elephants reared in temples with regard to feeds and supplementation of Probiotics-Genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium to the feeds of elephants was also recommended and use of disinfectant like glutaraldehyde was also suggested in the elephant enclosures in addition to usage of effective anthelmintics. |
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Date |
2016-05-24T17:05:13Z
2016-05-24T17:05:13Z 2014 |
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Type |
Thesis
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Identifier |
http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/66289
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Language |
en
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Format |
application/pdf
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Publisher |
Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
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