EFFECT OF SOWING TIME, PLANT DENSITY, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS LEVELS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF BLACK CUMIN (Nigella sativa L.) IN VERTISOLS OF ANDHRA PRADESH
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Title |
EFFECT OF SOWING TIME, PLANT DENSITY, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS LEVELS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF BLACK CUMIN (Nigella sativa L.) IN VERTISOLS OF ANDHRA PRADESH
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Creator |
KALIDASU GIRIDHAR
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Contributor |
Dr. G. SATYANARAYANA REDDY
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Subject |
yield ,germination,morphological, growth,dry matter accumulation , linoleic acid production
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Description |
The present investigation was carried out during rabi 2012 and 2013 in the vertisols of Horticultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur to ascertain the best sowing date, suitable plant density, optimum N and P application levels to get high yield and quality in nigella. The study consisted of five different sowing dates (1st fortnight of October, 2nd fortnight of October, 1st fortnight of November, 2nd fortnight of November and 1st fortnight of December) with three plant densities (25, 33.3 and 50 plants m-2), four levels of nitrogen (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg nitrogen (N) ha-1) and phosphorus (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg phosphorus (P) ha1) as sub plots. The different dates of sowing had no influence on the germination. However, lower field emergence was observed in the crop sown beyond 1st fortnight of November. The dates of sowing and plant densities had significant influence on the morphological, growth, yield and quality attributes. The interaction was non-significant for all the characters studied. Irrespective of the year of the study, shorter plants with less number of leaves and branches were recorded when the crop sown beyond 1st fortnight of November and with 50 plants m-2. Fresh and dry matter accumulation at different growth stages in the first three dates of sowings was on par, and then declined significantly. These attributes were lowest in the plant density of 50 plants m-2. The total chlorophyll content was minimum in the crop sown during the first fortnight of December at a density of 50 plants m-2. Maximum fresh and dry matter accumulation, LAI and CGR were recorded at 30, 60, and 90 DAS when the crop was sown between 1st fortnight of October to 1st fortnight November declined thereafter. Minimum fresh and dry matter accumulation, and maximum Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Crop Growth Rate (CGR) when the crop was sown at 50 plants m-2. Yield contributing characters like fresh weight of capsule, capsule weight at harvest, capsule length and diameter, number of capsules, number of seeds per capsule, test weight, capsule yield per plant, grain yield per plant and husk yield per plant were maximum in the crop sown between 1st fortnight of October to 1st fortnight of November than the crop sown later. These attributes were minimum in the crop sown at 50 plants m-2 density. Maximum seed yield (q ha-1), stalk yield (g m-2), fixed oil yield (kg ha-1) and essential oil yield (L ha-1) were recorded in the first three dates of sowing at 50 plants m-2 density. The essential oil and fixed oil contents were lower in the last two sowings. Maximum fixed oil content was recorded with the plant density of 25 and 33.33 plants m-2. Early sowing and lower plant densities favoured linoleic acid production. Seed protein and carbohydrate contents increased with delay in sowing. Lowest protein and highest carbohydrate contents were observed at 50 plants m-2. The volatile oil contained 28 compounds including thymoquinone. Linoleic acid content was highest in seed metabolites. The GCMS profile of volatile seed metabolites was similar in first three sowings. The thymoquinone content was higher when the crop was sown in early at plant density of 25 plants m-2. The study on application of graded levels of nitrogen and phosphorus revealed that all the traits except seed moisture and fibre content were influenced by N and P application. There was interaction effect in the traits like plant height (60, 90 DAS and at harvest), total chlorophyll content, LAI (90 DAS), CGR (90 DAS), capsule yield, husk yield, stover yield, ash content of seed, N uptake, P uptake and K uptake. N and P application levels improved the plant height, number of leaves per plant and number of branches per plant at different stages of growth. Similar response was observed in fresh and dry matter accumulation. Minimum total chlorophyll content, LAI and CGR were recorded without fertilizer supplementation. The yield contributing characters like fresh weight of the capsule, capsule weight at harvest, capsule length and diameter, number of capsules, number of seeds per capsule, test weight, capsule yield per plant and grain yield per plant increased with level of application of N and generally maximum values were observed in highest N application. Similar response was observed with P application. Seed yield and stalk yield were maximum in highest N application during the years of the study. Seed yield was maximum with the application of phosphorus 45 and 30 kg ha-1. The essential oil and fixed oil yield increased with application of N and P. Further, N and P applications influenced the content of essential and fixed oil content positively. The seed protein and ash content increased with the increase in N and P applications where as carbohydrate content decreased. The linoleic acid production was associated with low levels of N application. There was no linear dependence for some of the volatiles on the N application but negatively correlated with P application. The thymoquinone content was maximum at 20 kg N ha-1 application without any P application. The uptake of N, P and K increased with the increase of N and P applications. Lower available nitrogen and potassium, and higher available phosphorus status was observed after harvest than initial soil status. The highest Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) was recorded with the crop sown during the October at 50 plants m-2 density (25 x 10 cm spacing). The application of 60 kg N ha-1 in two splits as basal and at 35 DAS with 30 P kg ha-1 as basal recorded the highest BCR among the graded levels of N and P. |
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Date |
2016-07-23T11:00:08Z
2016-07-23T11:00:08Z 2015-04 |
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Type |
Thesis
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Identifier |
http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/69508
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Language |
en
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Format |
application/pdf
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Publisher |
Dr. Y.S.R. HORTICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
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