STUDIES ON INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT IN LENTIL (Lens culinaris Medikus)
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Title |
STUDIES ON INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT IN LENTIL (Lens culinaris Medikus)
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Creator |
Jamkhogin Lhungdim
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Contributor |
Prof. Yashwant Singh
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Subject |
Lentil, integrated weed managment, NPK and economic
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Description |
Ph. D.
The present investigation entitled “Studies on Integrated Weed management in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) was carried out at Agricultural Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India for two consecutive seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12 with a view to assess the effect of different weed control methods on weed dynamics, growth and yield of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) and its economics. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Treatments consisted of T1: Weedy check (control); T2: Weed free; T3: Hand weeding at 30 DAS & 45 DAS; T4: Mechanical weeding at 30 DAS & 45 DAS; T5: Quizalofop ethyl@ 50g a.i.ha-1 at 40 DAS; T6: Imazethapyr @ 37.5g a.i.ha-1 at 40 DAS; T7: Chlorimuron ethyl @ 4 g a.i.ha-1 (PPI); T8: Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 (PE); T9: Pendimathalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 EC @ 0.75 kg. ha-1 (PE); T10: Pendimathalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 EC @ 1 kg. ha-1 (PE); T11: Chlorimuron ethyl (PPI) @ 4 g a.i.ha-1 fb quizalofop ethyl @ 50 g a.i.ha-1 at 40 DAS; T12: Chlorimuron ethyl (PPI) @ 4 g a.i.ha-1 fb imazethapyr @ 37.5 g a.i.ha-1 at 40 DAS; T13: Pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 fb quizalofop ethyl @ 50 g a.i.ha-1 at 40 DAS; T14: Pendimethalin (PE) @ 1kg a.i.ha-1 (PE) fb imazethapyr @ 37.5 g a.i.ha-1 at 40 DAS; T15: Chlorimuron ethyl (PPI) @ 4 g a.i.ha-1 fb mechanical weeding at 45 DAS; T16: Pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 fb mechanical weeding at 45 DAS. Herbicides were applied as per scheduled dose and time indicated in the treatment packages. Sowing of the crop lentil variety ‘HUL 57’ was done on November 15 in both the years maintaining a spacing of 25 x 5 cm. Data for weed components were subjected to square root transformation (√(x+0.5)) for uniformity. Data analyses were done with RCBD. The economic analyses were carried out by computing the market price of inputs and outputs of both the experimental seasons prevailing at Varanasi. Weed free, unweeded control treatments were kept for comparison with different treatments. All the sixteen treatments were replicated thrice. All the herbicides were applied as per protocol of application time. The data on weed count and dry matter were recorded with the help of a quadrate (0.5 x 0.5 m) placed in each plot and then converted into per square meter (m-2). The effect of treatments on weed, crop and soil properties was recorded in terms of different indices of observation. Standard field techniques, methods of observation, analysis of soil, plant and weed samples and appropriate statistical methods for the analysis of data were used. Field emergence and plant growth at initial stage (30 DAS) was most affected by PPI herbicides (chlorimuron ethyl) and PE herbicides (pendimethalin and ready mixed pendimethalin+imazethapyr) with shortest plants. At 45 and 60 DAS, the plants showed insignificant height difference among treatment and control but at crop harvest, pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 fb mechanical weeding (MW) at 45 DAS was superior after two hand weeding (HW) and weed free in plant height. Hand weeding at 30 DAS and 45 DAS was most effective treatment in respect of suppression of all types of weed, reducing their dry matter accumulation at all growth stages till crop harvest and increasing weed control efficiency (WCE) thereby limiting their nutrient depletion followed by pendimethalin fb MW. Broad leaved weeds (Chenopodium spp. and Solanum nigrum) was best curbed at early stage by pre emergence application of pendimethalin and pendimethalin+imazethapyr (ready mixed) treatments but cyperus and cynodon weeds were not affected significantly. There was a mixed response of Cyperus spp. in the weed count and its dry matter at early to mid-crop stage. However, at later stage and at crop harvest lowest population and dry matter accumulation was confirmed in MW at 30 DAS and 45 DAS, while grassy weeds (Cynodon dactylon) was better controlled by the treatments containing chlorimuron ethyl as a treatment component viz, chlorimuron ethyl alone, chlorimuron ethyl fb quizalofop ethyl, chlorimuron ethyl fb imazethapyr and chlorimuron ethyl fb MW at 45 DAS at this stage. Pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 (PE) fb imazethapyr @ 37.5 g a.i.ha-1 at 40 DAS and pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 fb MW at 45 DAS more effective in minimizing weed count than other treatments and statistically both were at par with two HW. However, the dry matter accumulation was inconsistent throughout the crop stage. At 60 DAS and crop harvest there was variable nutrient content in weeds but significantly lower nutrient (NPK) depletion by weeds were observed under pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 fb MW at 45 DAS next to HW twice. Pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 fb MW at 45 DAS and pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 (PE) fb imazethapyr @ 37.5 g a.i.ha-1 at 40 DAS were statistically at par in all the weed parameters under comparison. Application of pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 fb MW at 45 DAS was most effective after HW twice in increasing plant growth characters and yield attributes. Grain yield and straw yield were highest under pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 fb MW at 45 DAS after HW at 30 DAS and 45 DAS. MW at 30 DAS and 45 DAS was the next best treatment at par with pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 (PE) fb imazethapyr @ 37.5 g a.i.ha-1 at 40 DAS. Harvest index was highest in pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 (PE) fb imazethapyr @ 37.5 g a.i.ha-1 at 40 DAS which was at par with weed free, HW at 30 DAS and 45 DAS and pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 fb MW at 45 DAS. Highest N, P and K uptake by plants at maximum branching (45 DAS), flower initiation and crop harvest were confined to weed free and HW at 30 DAS and 45 DAS followed by MW at 30 DAS and 45 DAS and pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 fb MW at 45 DAS. Highest total NPK uptake (grain and straw) were found in HW twice followed by MW twice and pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 fb MW at 45 DAS which were statistically not significant in effect. Similar was the case for grain protein content and protein yield. Phytotoxicity of chlorimuron ethyl, quizalofop ethyl and imazethapyr were rated with highest injury score of 1 (slight stunting, injury or discolouration). Pendimethalin and pendimethalin+imazethapyr (ready mixed) were less phyto-toxic to lentil plants. Highest grain protein and protein yield of lentil were recorded in nonherbicide treatments viz, weed free followed by HW twice which and two MW. Weedy check, chlorimuron ethyl and quizalofop ethyl incorporated treatments had lowest protein content and yield. Maximum gross return (` 72902.83) was achieved under weed free but net return and cost:benefit ratio was highest (` 47520.73 and 3.15) in pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 fb MW at 45 DAS followed by pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 (PE) fb imazethapyr @ 37.5 g a.i.ha-1 at 40 DAS (44679.40 and 3.08). Application of pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 fb MW at 45 DAS is the most effective weed management practice for obtaining higher yield of lentil and net return under the agro-climatic condition of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Nevertheless, pendimethalin (PE) @ 1 kg a.i.ha-1 (PE) fb imazethapyr @ 37.5 g a.i.ha-1 at 40 DAS may be the choice with non-availability of mechanical weeding. |
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Date |
2016-09-19T18:33:05Z
2016-09-19T18:33:05Z 2014 |
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Type |
Thesis
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Identifier |
http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/77533
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Language |
en
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Relation |
P0023;
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Format |
application/pdf
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Publisher |
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University
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