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Bio-Monitoring Of Heavy Metals In Cattle Reared Around Industrial Areas Of Tamil Nadu

KrishiKosh

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Title Bio-Monitoring Of Heavy Metals In Cattle Reared Around Industrial Areas Of Tamil Nadu
 
Creator Yasotha, A.
 
Contributor Sivakumar, T.
Tamilvanan, Thanga.
Selvakumar, K.N.
Sesh, P.S.L.
 
Subject Heavy metals
Food chain
Dairy cattle
Industrial area
 
Description Investigation was carried out to assess the heavy metal contamination in
dairy cattle reared around industrial areas of Vellore, Tiruppur and Karur districts of
Tamil Nadu. Existing dairy production system with reference to amplitude of
industrialization was surveyed. A total number of 1056 samples from 48 dairy
farms,16 from each district, comprising soil, water, feed, forage from the farms and
serum, milk, dung, urine, liver, kidney and muscle from dairy cattle were collected
from August 2012 to May 2014 to estimate the heavy metals viz. copper (Cu), zinc
(Zn), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). Vellore district had the highest
number of dairy cattle population in the surveyed households, followed by Tiruppur
and Karur. The average milk production per day was 14.43, 10.63 and 5.88 litres
and the average milk production per lactation was 4478.57, 2758.75 and 1808.40
litres per animal in Vellore, Tiruppur and Karur districts, respectively. The average
milk consumption per person per day was 385, 345 and 544 mL in Vellore, Tiruppur
and Karur districts, respectively. Rivers surrounding the vicinity has become the
main source of pollutant due to industries. Tanneries around Palar river (68.75%) in
Vellore, dyeing around Noyyal river in Tiruppur (65.63%) and Karur districts
(75.00%) were the primary source of pollutants. The problem due to pollution was
ranked as severe in Karur district (100.00%), followed by Tiruppur (75.00%) and
Vellore (62.50%) district by the farmers in the study area. Reduction in quality of
milk and its shelf life, repeat breeding, diarrhoea, nervous signs, stiffness of gait,
grinding of teeth, stunted growth and congenital anomalies in calves were the major
observations perceived by the dairy farmers in the study area due to industrial
pollution.
Concentration of cadmium in soil of Tiruppur district was found significantly
higher than MPL during summer season. In this study, irrespective of districts and
season as a whole 18.75% Cd in soil, 93.75% Pb in water, 54.10% Cr in feed,
87.50% of Pb in forage, 91.67% of Cr in serum, 62.50% of Pb in milk, 50% of Pb in
liver, 58.33% of Pb in kidney and 64.58% of Pb in muscle exceeded the safe limit.
Among the metals, highest Pb concentration was found in water, forage, milk, liver,
kidney and muscle. Serum and feed samples had highest Cr content. Soil had highest
Cd concentration than the maximum permissible level. Among the heavy metals,
lead was major contaminant in most of the samples. The order of metal
contamination in the food pathway of study area was Pb (33.54%), Cr (25.88%), Cd
(19.47%), Cu (11.18%) and Zn (9.92%).
Geo accumulation index (Igeo) revealed that the soil of Tiruppur district was
extremely polluted with cadmium. Among the districts, the contamination factor
value (CF) for soil of Tiruppur was highest for Cd (41.1000) and for Cr (7.1679) and
Pb (2.1005) in Vellore and Tiruppur district during summer. The bioaccumulation
factor (BAF) for Cd from feed and water to edible products was highest, whereas
from forage translocation of Cu was higher, followed by Cd.
Among the three districts, the hazard quotient of Pb in human beings was
highest in adult through consumption of milk (1.0694) in Karur. In children, the
hazard quotient of Pb was higher in Karur and Vellore but in Tiruppur both Pb and
Cd were higher. The hazard index was highest in Karur district followed by
Tiruppur and Vellore in adults and children. The hazard quotient and hazard index
were higher in children than adult.
Irrespective of the metal, it was observed that forage and water played a key
role in determining the level of metal in milk and muscle whereas feed and soil were
relatively low in their impact. In general, the concentration of heavy metals was
found to be higher in summer than in monsoon.
The order of district based on the extent of heavy metal contamination in the
overall sample was Tiruppur, Vellore and Karur. The order of samples based on
contamination by heavy metals was water, forage, serum and muscle. It was
observed from the study that toxic elements were translocated more than essential
elements in animal system.
 
Date 2016-05-24T16:30:40Z
2016-05-24T16:30:40Z
2014
 
Type Thesis
 
Identifier http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/66285
 
Language en
 
Format application/pdf
 
Publisher Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University