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Millets: genetic and genomic resources

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Title Millets: genetic and genomic resources
 
Creator Dwivedi, Sangam
Upadhyaya, Hari
Senthilvel, Senapathy
Hash, Charles
Fukunaga, Kenji
Diao, Xiamin
Santra, Dipak
Baltensperger, David
Prasad, Manoj
 
Subject diversity
domestication
genetic markers
genome synteny
phylogeny
population structure
quantitative trait loci
stress tolerance
 
Description all-grained millets, comprising ten annual grasses from the family Poaceae
and grown for grain, contribute $13% of annual global cereal production.
Some are widely grown, while cultivation of others is restricted. They differ in
ploidy, genome size, and breeding system, but their grains are all highly
nutritious. Their most common nonfood uses are in brewing and as livestock
feeds. Millets are C4 plants adapted to marginal lands in hot, drought-prone arid
and semiarid regions. Selection for plant phenology and architecture, panicle
shape, spikelet structure and reduced shattering, seed dormancy, and seed coat
hardness contributed to their domestication. Approximately 161,708 millet
accessions are preserved in gene banks globally. These show exceptional diver-
sity associated for phenology, photoperiod sensitivity, tolerance to abiotic
stresses, resistance to biotic stresses, seed storability and shelf life, and specific
grain characteristics associated with end user preferences. Contributions from
wild relatives’ toward enhancing cultivated gene pools have been limited to
pearl millet and foxtail millet. Core or minicore/reference collections have been
used to identify new sources of biotic stress resistances and abiotic stress
tolerances. Waxy mutants have been selected in barnyard millet, foxtail millet,
and proso millet for specific food uses. Pearl millet hybrids and open pollinated
varieties (OPVs) with high iron and zinc grain densities will soon be available in
India. While no transgenic work has reached field level, DNA markers are
routinely used to assess millets’ population structure and genetic diversity.
Genetic maps of varying density are reported in finger millet, foxtail millet, pearl
millet, proso millet, and tef. Major quantitative trait loci associated with resis-
tance to downy mildew, rust, and blast and tolerance to terminal drought stress
have been backcrossed into elite inbred pearl millet hybrid parents. Marker-
assisted backcrossing has been used to improve downy mildew resistance in
pearl millet. Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CMS)–based hybrids of pearl
millet are extensively cultivated, and CMS systems for foxtail millet are under
development. An aligned genome sequence of foxtail millet will be released in
the near future as this millet is closely related to several polyploid bioenergy
grasses. This foxtail millet genome sequence is highly syntenic with those of rice,
sorghum, and maize, which should allow comprehensive surveys of genetic
diversity for identifying and conserving diversity in grass germplasm with
bioenergy crop potential.
 
Date 2014-04-07T09:02:08Z
2014-04-07T09:02:08Z
2011
July 2011
 
Type Book chapter
 
Identifier In: Janick J (ed), Vol. 35: Plant Breeding Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA, pp 247-375
http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/176
 
Language en
 
Publisher John Wiley & Sons