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Comparative analyses of extracellular matrix proteome: an under-explored area in plant research

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Title Comparative analyses of extracellular matrix proteome: an under-explored area in plant research
 
Creator Narula, Kanika
Elagamey, Eman
Datta, Asis
Chakraborty, Niranjan
Chakraborty, Subhra
 
Subject Extracellular Matrix Proteome
Plant Research
 
Description Within their social milieu, cells are petite and deformable, enclosed in a flimsy plasma
membrane which swerves from their default spherical shape to more polar shapes due to
the local deposition, complex interactions and the remodelling of the extracellular matrix
(ECM). Consequently, multicellularity has evolved, albeit independently in plants and
animals. Although animals are truly multicellular, plants are supracellular organisms
because their immobile cells divide via phragmoplast-based incomplete cytokinesis,
which results in the formation of cytoplasmic cell-to-cell channels known as
plasmodesmata (Baluska et al., 2003). The ECM in plants, often referred as the cell wall,
is integrated into the apoplast—a structurally coherent superstructure extending
throughout the plant body. In lieu, plant cells are not fully separated and both the
plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum traverse cellular borders through
plasmodesmata (Baluska et al., 2003; Fincher, G. 2009.). The ECM is a fundamental
component of the microenvironment of both animal and plant cells that has been
substantially expanded during evolution. Throughout the plant kingdom, the formation
and regulation of the ECM architecture has been shown to have the potential to influence
many conduits of development, position-dependent differentiation, patterning and
totipotent cell niches, besides environmental stress response and pathobiology (Brownlee
& Berger, 1995; Degenhardt & Gimmer, 2000; Wilson, 2010). Furthermore, it has been
reported that the ECM plays an important morphoregulatory role during somatic
embryogenesis and organogenesis in plants, besides its pivotal role in cellular osmo- and
volume-regulation (Šamaj et al., 1999; Rose et al., 2004). The plant ECM has
biomechanical and morphogenetic functions with the immense ability to turn cells into
hydraulic machines which establish a crucial functional difference between cell walls
and other cellular surface structures. It encloses the cell hermetically and constrains the
hydrostatic pressure evoked by osmotic gradients between the cell and its environment
which controls cellular osmo- and volume-regulation (Peters et al., 2000; Cosgrove, D. J.
2005). Plasticity in the ECM allows the cellular uptake of massive amounts of water into
a central vacuole while rigidity in the ECM determines the conductance of enormous
amounts of water and dissolved solutes through vascular bundles. The secretion of an
ECM by one cell can also influence the neighbouring cells, conceivably the best
exemplified paracrine interaction known in the plant kingdom (for a review, see
Brownlee, 2002). Beyond their paramount importance in the generation of form, cell
walls are frequently considered ‘growth-controlling’ (Wolf et al., 2009). Cells devoid of
the ECM inevitably lose their polar shape and the loss of cellular polarisation prevents
cell-to-cell interactions and communication. The ECM/cell wall is evolutionary and
inherently bestowed with information that can be both stored and relayed to cell interior
via templating processes. It serves as the first line mediator in cell signalling for
perceiving and transmitting extra- and intercellular signals in many cellular pathways.
Communication between the cytoplasm and the cell wall is necessary and evident
because of events such as cell expansion (Cosgrove, 1997, Schröder, F et al 2009),
mechanical stress (Kumar et al., 2006; Telewski, 2006), environmental perturbation (Gail
McLean et al., 1997; Thelen, J. and Peck, S. 2007) and pathogen infection (Hammond-
Kosack & Jones, 1996) which lead to altered biosynthesis and the modification of wall
components and downstream cytoplasmic events. In addition, it can act as a substrate for
migration and has also been recognised as a surrogate for providing inputs into cell
behaviour (Hall et al., 2002), although the available data is rather scarce for higher plants
and critical linker molecules between the cytoskeleton and the ECM are still missing.
Thus, the ECM/cell wall primarily serves a dual function, as a cell support system and
for signalling during development and stress. The ECM/cell wall must therefore be
dynamic as cells divide and elongate, modulating its composition and architecture
during its synthesis and after it has been deposited. The wall function is a multi-step,
complex process and the underlying mechanisms governing these steps are not fully
understood.
This work was supported by a grant from the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Govt. of
India and a grant from National Institute of Plant Genome research. KN and EE are the
recipients of pre-doctoral fellowships from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and
DBT-TWAS, Govt. of India. Authors thank Mr. Jasbeer Singh for illustrations in the manuscript.
 
Date 2015-10-27T10:21:23Z
2015-10-27T10:21:23Z
2012
 
Type Book chapter
 
Identifier In: Goyal A(ed), Crop Plants. InTech, Janeza Tradine, Croatia, pp145-166
978-953-51-0527-5
http://www.intechopen.com/books/crop-plant/comparative-analyses-of-extracellular-matrix-proteome-an-under-explored-area-in-plant-research
http://172.16.0.77:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/265
 
Language en_US
 
Publisher intechopen.com