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Phosphorus Management in Summer Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp) and its Residual Effect on Kharif Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown Under Different Fertility Levels

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Title Phosphorus Management in Summer Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp) and its Residual Effect on Kharif Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown Under Different Fertility Levels
 
Creator DALVI, ANANT S.
 
Contributor PATEL, C.L.
 
Subject rice, fertilizers, cowpeas, grain, crops, yields, crop residues, cropping systems, research methods, physical control
 
Description Field experiments were conducted at the College Farm, N.M.
College of Agriculture, Navsari Agriculture University, Navsari during
summer and kharif seasons of 2004 and 2005 to study the “Phosphorus
Management in summer cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and its
residual effect on Kharif transplanted rice (Oryza Sativa L.) grown under
different fertility levels.”
The soil of the experimental plot was clay in texture,
medium in organic carbon (5.3 g kg-1) and available phosphorus (17.86
kg ha-1) ,low in available nitrogen (221.44 kg ha-1) moderately high in
available potassium (236.13 kg ha-1) and slightly alkaline in reaction (pH
7.87)
The treatments comprised for summer cowpea were six
treatment combinations involving three source of phosphorus and two
levels of phosphorus. Besides these six treatment combinations (3 P
sources x 2 P levels) two additional treatments one control (0 kg P ha-1)
and one summer fallow (no cowpea crop) were included, making eight
treatments laid out in a randomized block design, replicated three times.
The succeeding kharif rice crop was superimposed on the same layout,
keeping summer cowpea treatments as main plots and three fertility levels
as sub-plots (50, 75 and 100% of the recommended dose of 100 kg N +
30 kg P2O5 ha-1(13 kg P ha-1), with total twenty four treatment
combinations in a split plot design with three replications. The
experiments were conducted on the same site during both the years
without changing the randomization of treatments. The cowpea crop was
fertilized with common dose of 20 kg N ha-1 and Rhizobium seed
treatment @ 25 g kg-1 seed before sowing.
The highest grain, stover and biological yields (16.55,
33.26 and 49.81 q ha-1, respectively) of cowpea were recorded with 20
kg P ha-1 through SSP, however, it was at par with 10 kg P ha-1 through
SSP (16.01, 32.05 and 48.05 q ha-1, respectively) and 20 kg P ha-1
through PMC (15.79, 32.06 and 47.85 q ha-1, respectively).
Further, application of 10 and 20 kg P ha-1 through DAP (T1
and T2), 10 and 20 kg P ha-1 through SSP (T3 and T4) and 10 and 20 kg P
ha-1 through PMC (T5 and T6) were recorded 17.35 and 21.93, 31.01 and
35.43, 24.63 and 29.21 per cent higher grain yield than control,
respectively. Increase in summer cowpea yields due to P management
treatments over control were the results of increased growth and yield
attributes viz. plant height, number of functional leaves and branches
plant-1, number of root nodules and their dry weight plant-1, dry matter
production plant -1 , number of developed pods plant -1, pod length,
number of grains pod -1 and test weight. These treatments also improved
the quality of produce in terms of NPKS and protein content in grain and
stover. The NPKS and protein yield were also significantly enhanced by
20 kg P ha-1 through various sources over 10 kg P ha-1 through various
sources and control (no application of P fertilization). The available N, P
and S content of soil after harvest of cowpea increased upto highest level
of phosphorus management (20 kg P ha-1 through SSP). The gross and
net realization also increased by the same treatment, however, it was at
par with 10 kg P ha-1 through SSP and 20 kg P ha-1 through PMC. The B:
C ratio was found to be higher with application of 20 kg P ha-1 through
PMC, however, it was at par 10 and 20 kg P ha-1 through SSP and 10 kg P
ha-1 through PMC.
Different levels and sources of phosphorus applied to
preceding cowpea increased the grain, straw and biological yield ha-1 of
succeeding kharif rice upto 20 kg P ha-1 irrespective of source. The
grain and straw yield obtained under treatment 20 kg P ha-1 through SSP
were 39.57 and 33.82 per cent higher than summer fallow. The increased
grain and straw yield of rice were the results of increased growth
parameters viz. plant height, total number of tillers hill-1, number of
panicle m-2, panicle length, number of effective tillers hill-1, number of
filled grains panicle-1 and test weight. This treatment also improved the
quality of produce in terms of N,P,K,S and protein content in grain and
straw and further enhanced the uptake of N,P,K and S as well as protein
yield. Increasing levels of phosphorus through various sources to
preceding cowpea increased soil available N, P and S after harvest of rice
crop, while reverse trend was observed in case of available K.
Application of 20 kg P ha-1 through SSP was found to be optimum dose
for obtaining comparable gross realization, net realization and B: C ratio
from succeeding rice. However, the net realization and B: C ratio of
treatment T6 (20 kg P ha-1 through PMC) remained at par.
The successive increase in the levels of fertilizers from 50 to
75 per cent and from 75 to 100 per cent of recommended level of
fertilizers applied to rice increased almost all the growth characters like
plant height, total number of tillers hill-1 and also most of the yield
attributes such as number of panicle m-2, panicle length, number of
effective tillers hill-1 number of filled grains panicle-1 and test weight and
eventually the grain and straw yield ha-1. However, the reverse trends
were observed as regards to number of non-effective tillers, hill-1 and
number of unfilled grains panicle-1. Application of 75 and 100 per cent
RDF recorded identical and significantly higher N, P, K and protein
content in grain and straw than 50 per cent RDF. The NPKS uptake and
protein yield were increased significantly with successive increase in the
levels of fertilizers. The treatments 50, 75 and 100 per cent RDF
enhanced available N and P content of soil after rice harvest. Similarly
the treatments 75 and 100 per cent RDF enhanced the available S content
of soil after rice harvest. The gross realization, net realization and B: C
ratio from rice were increased significantly upto 100 per cent RDF.
The treatment combination of 20 kg P ha-1 through SSP to
preceding cowpea and 100 per cent of the RDF (T4 T3) to succeeding rice
was optimum for obtaining higher grain and straw yield as well as gross
realization, net realization and B:C ratio from succeeding rice. However,
interaction effect of treatment combination (T4 F2) 20 kg P ha-1 through
SSP+75 per cent RDF on grain and straw yield, gross and net realization
was found at par.
The balance of available soil N, P and S after two years of
experimentation were negative under fallow-rice cropping system and
positive under summer cowpea-rice cropping system except P balance
observed under cowpea (grown without P application)-rice cropping
system. The positive balance of these nutrients increased with increasing
levels of P through various sources to cowpea. The available K balance
showed a negative balance and its deficit was lower magnitude under
fallow-rice and increased with successive increase in P levels through
various sources to cowpea in cowpea-rice cropping system. The available
S balance showed a negative balance under fallow-rice as well as
cowpea-rice cropping system after two years, where cowpea grown
without P and with source of DAP. However, it was positive under
treatments with SSP and PMC this might be due to SSP and PMC which
contain some amount of S.
The gross and net realization obtained from treatment
combination of 20 kg P ha-1 through SSP to preceding cowpea and 100
per cent RDF to rice in cowpea-rice cropping system was highest than
rest of treatment combinations. The highest benefit to cost ratio was
found in treatment combination 20 kg P ha-1 through PMC to preceding
cowpea and 100 per cent RDF to rice in cowpea-rice cropping system,
however, it was at par with 20 kg P ha-1 through SSP.
Thus, it is evident that with respect to the economy and
fertilizer use summer cowpea crop should fertilize with 20 kg P ha-1
through SSP or PMC and succeeding kharif rice crop with 100 per cent of
the recommended dose of fertilizers (100 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 (13 kg P
ha-1) or 75 per cent RDF (75 kg N + 22.5 kg P2O5 (9.83 kg P ha-1) in
cowpea-rice cropping system besides the improvement in soil fertility in
terms of available N, P and S which was a valuable gain.
 
Date 2016-03-21T09:57:47Z
2016-03-21T09:57:47Z
2010-07
 
Type Thesis
 
Identifier http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/65324
 
Language en
 
Format application/pdf
 
Publisher Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari