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Fluoride in the Environment and Its Metabolism in Humans

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Title Fluoride in the Environment and Its Metabolism in Humans
 
Creator Sunil Kumar Jha, Vinay Kumar Mishra, Dinesh Kumar Sharma, and Thukkaram Damodaran
 
Subject Fluoride Concentration, High Fluoride, Fluoride Content, Dental Fluorosis
 
Description Not Available
Fluorine is widely dispersed in nature and is estimated to be the 13th most abundant element on our planet (Mason and Moore 1982). It is the most electronegative of all chemical elements, and as a result, it never exists in elemental form, but rather combines with other elements; fluoride compounds represent about 0.06–0.09% of the content of the earth’s crust (Wedephol 1974). Fluoride is distributed universally throughout soils, plants, and animals, and is assumed to be an essential element in animals, including humans. Fluoride has an important role in bone mineralization and formation of dental enamels. Fluoride, when consumed in inadequate quantities (less than 0.5 ppm), causes health problems such as dental caries, lack of formation of dental enamel, and reduced bone mineralization, especially among children (WHO 1996). In contrast, when fluoride is consumed in excess (more than 1 ppm), health problems may result, which equally affect the young and old (WHO 1996). At higher fluoride concentrations, metabolic processes are affected in humans, and overexposed individuals may suffer from skeletal or dental fluorosis, non-skeletal manifestations, or combinations of these maladies (Susheela et al. 1993). The incidence and severity of fluorosis depends upon the fluoride concentration in air, soil or water, and the degree of exposure to these levels.
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Date 2019-10-19T07:44:56Z
2019-10-19T07:44:56Z
2011-01-20
 
Type Journal
 
Identifier Google citation- 112
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http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/23633
 
Language English
 
Relation Not Available;
 
Publisher Springer Science