LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT LAKKIPUR-1 (4B3E2E2b) MICRO WATERSHED Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka
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Title |
LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT LAKKIPUR-1 (4B3E2E2b) MICRO WATERSHED Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka
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Creator |
Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh
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Subject |
Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project
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Description |
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The land resource inventory of Lakkipur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 342 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 268 mm during the north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 89 per cent is covered by soils, 26 per cent by forest and 3 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 11 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 27 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 71 per cent area is suitable for agriculture. About 27 per cent of soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 26 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 2 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 4 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) and 30 per cent are very deep (>150 cm). About 29 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 60 per cent area loamy soil. About 51 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 38 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) soils. About 27 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity. An area of about 59 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands, 12 per cent is gently sloping (3-5% slope), 9 per cent is moderately sloping (5-10%) and 9 per cent is strongly sloping (10-15% slope). An area of about 33 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 56 per cent soils are moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 14 per cent is strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5), 16 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 23 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 32 per cent has soils that are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and an area of about 3 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in organic carbon. About 17 per cent of soil are low (23 kg/ha), 36 per cent of the soils are medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 37 per cent are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 29 per cent are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 60 per cent are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. About 3 per cent of the soils are low in available sulphur and 87 per cent are medium (10-20 ppm). Available boron is low (1.0 kg/ha). Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 52 per cent. The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1 ) Moderately suitable(S2 ) Highly suitable(S1 ) Moderately suitable(S2 ) Sorghum 103 (30) 56 (16) Sapota 46 (13) 20 (6) Maize 53 (15) 48 (14) Guava 60 (18) - Redgram 53 (15) 74 (22) Banana 33 (10) 78 (23) Horsegra m 53 (15) 115 (34) Jackfruit 46 (13) 14 (4) Field bean 33 (10) 126 (37) Jamun 46 (13) 14 (4) Groundnut 20 (6) 81 (24) Musambi 103 (30) 14 (4) Sunflower 25 (7) 86 (25) Lime 103 (30) 14 (4) Cotton 83 (24) 68 (20) Cashew 46 (13) - Onion 33 (10) 126 (37) Custard apple 118 (34) 145 (42) Potato 33 (10) 69 (20) Amla 118 (34) 153 (45) French Beans 33 (10) 126 (37) Tamarind 46 (13) 14 (4) Beetroot 33 (10) 68 (20) Marigold 53 (15) 106 (31) Turmeric 33 (10) 68 (20) Chrysanthemu m 33 (10) 126 (37) Mango 46 (13) 14 (4) - - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Lakkipur 1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11044’ – 11045’ North latitudes and 76033’ – 76035’ East longitudes, covering an area of about 342 ha, bounded by Channamallipur, Maddinahalli and Lakkipur villages with a length of growing period LGP of 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Lakkipur 1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 47.1 to 52.9 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 50.0 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 44.1 per cent. Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC)/scheduled tribes (ST) were around 20.0 per cent. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 80.0 per cent. About 40.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Majority of farm households (70.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system of having all sample households. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40.0 per cent of sample households. Institutional participation is only 8.8 per cent of sample households. Women participation in decisions making are around 47.2 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 1.3 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land account for 67.7 % and irrigated land 32.3 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 6.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 87.5 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 11970 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 30383 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers own plough and sprayer (10 %). The average value of livestock is around Rs.19625 per household; about 50 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 690.8 grams (1494.1 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs.54221 per household. Thirty per cent of sample households on above poverty line. The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1269. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1078 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.328649 per year for the total area of 342.0 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 50726/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in turmeric (Rs.132852) followed by cotton (Rs. 124561), garlic (Rs. 101751), onion (Rs. 63229), maize (Rs. 36649), cowpea (Rs. 35235), sunflower (Rs. 31093), horse gram (Rs. 18747), ragi (Rs. 14441), marigold (Rs.3179) and groundnut is negative returns. The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2286/ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs.3952) followed by maize (Rs. 2653), cowpea (Rs.2506), ragi (Rs.1300) and horse gram (Rs. 1300). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 3 274528) followed by turmeric (Rs. 54978), maize (Rs. 54775), sunflower (Rs. 49884), horse gram (Rs. 31878), groundnut (Rs. 27486), onion (Rs. 16796), garlic (Rs. 15587), ragi (Rs. 13238) and cowpea (Rs. 12042). Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is maize (27.5 %) followed by maize (27.5 %), horse gram (18.0 %), cowpea (8.4%), groundnut (8.4 %), onion (8.4 %), sunflower (8.4 %), turmeric (5.5 %), ragi (4.8 %), garlic (4.7 %), marigold (4.7 %) and cotton (1.2 %). In Lakkipur 1 micro-watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Kallipura (KLP) series is having deep soil depth cover around 4.2% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing garlic. Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) are also having very deep soil depth cover 6.0 % of area, the crops are cotton (7.4 %), maize (7.4 %), onion (51.0 %) and turmeric (34.2 %). Beemanabeedu (BMB) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 17.2 % of areas, crops are maize. Hullipura (HPR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 12.1 % of area, crops are cowpea (18.2 %), horse gram (31.8 %), maize (18.2 %) and sunflower (31.8 %). Magoonahalli (MGH) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 11.9 % of area; the major crops grown are cowpea (37.9 %), groundnut (18.9 %) and horse gram (21.6 %). Shivapura (SPR) soil series are having very shallow soil depth covers around 14.7 % of area, the major crop grown is maize (64.1%) and marigold (35.9 %). The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.78831/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs. 27873/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.61). In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs 27542/ha in MGH soil (with of 1.51) and Rs. 14192/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 2.65). In cowpea the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 33083/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.57) and Rs. 11497/ha in MGH soil (with BCR of 4.3). In cotton the cost of cultivation in MLR soil is Rs.202501/ha (with BCR of 1.62). In onion the cost of cultivation in HGH soil is Rs 60271/ha (with BCR of 2.05). In sunflower the cost of cultivation in HPR soil is Rs 28187/ha (with BCR of 2.1). In ragi the cost of cultivation in MGH soil is Rs 29976/ha (with BCR of 1.53). In garlic the cultivation in KLP soil is Rs.57035/ha (with BCR of 2.78) and turmeric cultivation in HGH soil is Rs.115992/ha (with BCR of 2.15). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil 4 and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (42.9 to76 %), cowpea (0 to 53.7%), cotton (26.5 %), ragi (90 %), garlic (71.1%) and turmeric (36.7%). Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project |
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Date |
2020-12-26T11:24:00Z
2020-12-26T11:24:00Z 2019-12-31 |
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Type |
Project Report
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Identifier |
Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Lakkipur-1 (4B3E2E2b) Microwatershed, Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ.225, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.113 & 31.
Not Available http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/43791 |
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Language |
English
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Relation |
224;
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Publisher |
ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project)
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