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Modern Technologies for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Salt-affected Soils and Poor-quality Waters

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Title Modern Technologies for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Salt-affected Soils and Poor-quality Waters
Not Available
 
Creator A. K. Mandal
 
Subject Salt-affected soils · Soil salinity · Sodicity · Waterlogging · Remote sensing · Saline/sodic groundwater · SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) · RSC (residual sodium carbonate) · ESP (exchangeable sodium percentage) · Soil profile · Diagnosis and prognosis
 
Description Not Available
Soil salinity and brackish groundwater are primary concerns for reduced productivity
of 953 million ha in the world. In India, 6.73 M ha of salt-affected soils
(SAS) is distributed in 15 states and 13 agroclimatic regions. Salt deposition at
low topographic zones, high evaporation in arid zone, salty parent materials and
brackish ground use in peninsular plain, and inundation of saline seawater in
coastal areas are primary processes controlling genesis and distribution of SAS.
Canal irrigation practices have contributed to waterlogging, soil salinization, and
losses of soil productivity in poorly drained soils. Remote sensing data with
improved spatial and spectral resolutions has facilitated detection and delineation
of SAS with limited ground truth and soil studies. Using high-resolution remote
sensing data, prognosis of soil salinity was studied to quantify soil salinization
processes in canal command areas integrating topography, hydrology, and aquifer
characteristics. Spatial variability of sodic and saline soils with salty groundwater
was studied at farm scale at experimental farms. Visual and digital analysis of
remote sensing data facilitated the identification of strongly salt-affected soils by
high spectral reflectance of salt crusts from barren surfaces. High energy absorption
in the SWIR band enabled identification of waterlogged soils in canalirrigated
areas with poor natural drainage. Temporal dynamics of salty surfaces,
vegetation, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data during June,
March, and October seasons were used for SAS with poor-quality or high RSC
groundwater. Mixed spectral signatures for salt crusts, moderate cropping density,
and surface wetness in moderately and slightly sodic soils are authenticated
by ground truth study. Thermal band was used for salty soils and sand dunes
showing close spectral signatures in visible range. Natric horizon formation, clay
illuviation, iron and manganese mottles, higher moisture content, and
precipitation of subsurface calcareous materials are typical soil-forming processes
in sodic soil. Chemical analysis indicated high pH, exchangeable sodium percentage
(ESP), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values and the dominance of
carbonate and bicarbonates of sodium. High moisture content and salt saturation
(commonly saline soils of sodium chloride and sulfate salts) are typical features
associated with waterlogged (surface ponding) soils and high water table depth
(potential waterlogging). Periodic irrigation with water of high pH, SAR, and
RSC (residual sodium carbonate) values favored the formation of salty soil
profiles in arid and semiarid regions. High clay contents, smectite clay minerals,
critical ESP (5 or more), and salty groundwater are primary constraints of black
soil in the peninsular plains. The complex saline-sodic soils of alluvial (A),
aeofluvial/arid (B), and others (H) are classed as sodic. Soils of coastal (D),
deltaic (C), and mud flats/mangrove swamps (G) were classified as saline.
Benchmark salt-affected soils were identified for monitoring in agroclimatic
and physiographic regions. The largest areas (67% and 75%) of SAS lie in the
arid to semiarid (300–1000 mm rainfall) and strong hyperthermic (25–27.5 C)
temperature zones and in the Pleistocene and Recent (39%) geological
formations. Recent IRS data (years 2010–2013) revealed 315,617 ha of SAS
lies in 18 districts of Haryana state. Attempts were also made to update similar
databases for Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat states.
Not Available
 
Date 2019-12-06T11:24:46Z
2019-12-06T11:24:46Z
2019-01-01
 
Type Book chapter
 
Identifier Not Available
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5832-6_4
http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/28506
 
Language English
 
Relation Not Available;
 
Publisher Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.