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LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT NEREGALLU-1 (4D4A1T2e) MICROWATERSHED Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka

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Title LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT NEREGALLU-1 (4D4A1T2e) MICROWATERSHED Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka
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Creator Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh
 
Subject Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project
 
Description Not Available
The land resource inventory of Naregallu-1 microwatershed was conducted using
village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour
composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic
delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several
transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units.
Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate
the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent,
characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the
microwatershed.
The present study covers an area of 869 ha in Koppal taluk and district,
Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average
annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west
monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year.
An area of 89 per cent is covered by soils and 11 per cent is by habitation and
settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly
below.
 The soils belong to 16 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 5 Land
Management Units.
 The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).
 About 7 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 82 per cent clayey
soils at the surface.
 About 70 per cent area has non-gravelly (9.0) in
soil reaction.
 The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the
microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 11 per cent area.
 An area of about 81 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 8 per cent is low (>23
kg/ha) in available phosphorus.
 An area of about 37 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 52 per cent is high
(>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.
 Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.
 An area of about 46 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) and 39 per cent is deficient
(1.0 ppm) in available
manganese content.
 Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available
copper content.
 An area of about 53 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.
 The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed
and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given
below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but
what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity
to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the
demand and supply position.
Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed
Crop
Suitability
Area in ha (%)
Crop
Suitability
Area in ha (%)
Highly
suitable
(S1)
Moderately
suitable
(S2)
Highly
suitable
(S1)
Moderately
suitable
(S2)
Sorghum 225(26) 540(62) Sapota 116(13) 18(2)
Maize 80(9) 648(75) Pomegranate 116(13) 506(58)
Bajra 116(13) 622(72) Guava 116(13) 18(2)
Groundnut 61(7) 129(15) Jackfruit 116(13) 18(2)
Sunflower 187(22) 434(50) Jamun 61(7) 473(54)
Cotton 173(20) 592(68) Musambi 187(22) 434(50)
Red gram 116(13) 463(53) Lime 187(22) 434(50)
Bengalgram 162(19) 603(69) Cashew 133(15) -
Chilli 116(13) 128(15) Custard apple 270(31) 496(57)
Tomato 116(13) 112(13) Amla 133(15) 632(73)
Brinjal 97(11) 610(70) Tamarind 61(7) 474(54)
Onion 97(11) 36(4) Marigold 116(13) 649(75)
Bhendi 97(11) 573(66) Chrysanthemum 116(13) 649(75)
Drumstick 133(15) 488(56) Jasmine 116(13) 199(23)
Mulberry 133(15) 286(33) Crossandra 116(13) 249(29)
Mango 61(7) 75(9)
 Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared
for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable
lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other
horticulture crops.
 Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land
resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For
this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils
like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,
 Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in
identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.
 As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be
planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks,
mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide
fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining
the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE SURVEY
 The results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Naregallu-1 micro watershed
among them 11 (31.43%) were marginal farmers, 9 (25.71 %) were small and semi
medium farmers, 4 (11.43 %) were medium farmers and 2 (5.71 %) large farmers.
 The data indicated that there were 181 population households were there in the
studied micro watershed. Among them 111 (61.33 %) men and 70 (38.67 %) were
women. The average family size of marginal, small farmers and semi medium
farmers were 5, medium farmer was 6 and large farmer was 7.
 The data indicated that 23 (12.71%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 88 (48.62 %)
were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (27.62 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 20 (11.05
%) were above 61 years of age.
The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of household’s heads were practicing
agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.
 The results indicated that the Naregallu-1had 28.18 per cent illiterates, 29.83 per
cent of them had primary school education, 1.10 per cent of them had middle school,
25.41 per cent them had high school education, 6.08 per cent of them had PUC
education, 0.55 per cent them had diploma education, 7.73 per cent of them had
degree education and 1.10 per cent of the household members had other education.
 The results indicated that agriculture was the occupation for 23.76 per cent of the
household members, 59.67 per cent were agricultural labourers, 14.36 per them
were students and 1.10 per cent of them were children and housewives respectively.
In case of marginal farmers 26 per cent were agriculturist, 60 percent was in
agricultural labour and 12 per cent of them were students. In case of small farmers
22 per cent of them were agriculturist, 60 per cent of them were agricultural labour
and 16 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 23.81 per
cent of the family members were agriculturist, 54.76 per cent of them were
agricultural labour and 19.05 per cent of them were students. In case of medium
farmers 25 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 62.50 per cent of them
were in agricultural labour and 12.50 per cent of them were students. In case of
large farmers 20 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 66.67 per cent of
them were in agricultural labour and 6.67 per cent of them were students.
 The results showed that 100 per cent of them have not participated in any local
institutions.
 The results indicated that 97.14 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and
2.86 per cent of the households possess Pucca house.
 The results showed that, 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 5.71 per cent
of the households possess DVD player, 74.29 per cent of the households possess
Mixer grinder, 11.43 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 11.43 per cent
of the households possess bicycle, 85.71 per cent of the households possess motor
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cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Car, 2.86 per cent of the households
possess landline phone, 85.71 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and
2.86 per cent of the households possess computer/laptop.
 The results showed that the average value, television was Rs.23281, DVD/VCD
Player was Rs. 1600, mixer grinder was Rs.1903, refrigerator was Rs.11000, bicycle
was Rs.1050, motor cycle was Rs.32882, Car was Rs. 300000, landline phone was
Rs. 500, mobile phone was Rs.1507 and computer/laptop was Rs. 12500.
 The results showed that, about 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart,
22.86 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households equally
possess seed/fertilizer drill, power tiller, tractor, thresher, groundnut decorticator,
chaff cutter and earth remover/duster, 11.43 per cent of the households possess
irrigation pump, 14.29 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 5.71 per cent of
the households possess sprinkler, 51.43 per cent of the households possess weeder
and 20 per cent of the households possess harvester.
 The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.26666; the average
value of plough was Rs. 2200, the average value of seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.3500,
the average value of irrigation pump was Rs. 273250, the average value of power
tiller was Rs. 150000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 300000, the average
value of sprayer was Rs. 2600, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 3000, the
average value of weeder was Rs. 42, the average value of harvester was Rs. 74, the
average value of thresher was Rs. 25, the average value of groundnut decorticator
was Rs. 18000, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 2100 and the average value
of Earth remover/Duster was Rs. 20000.
 The results indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.57
per cent of the households possess local cow, 14.29 per cent of the households
possess crossbred cow and 5.71 per cent of the households possess buffalo.
 In case of marginal farmers, 9.09 per cent of the households possess both bullock
and local cow respectively and 18.18 per cent of the households possess crossbred
cow. In case of small farmers, 22.22 per cent of households possess equally bullock
and buffalo and 11.11 per cent possess local cow. In case of semi medium farmers,
11.11per cent of the households possess bullock and 22.22 per cent of the households
possess crossbred cow. In medium farmers, 25 per cent of the households possess
local cow. 50 per cent of the large farmers possess bullock and crossbred cow
respectively.
 The data regarding the average labour availability in Naregallu-1 micro watershed
is presented in Table 14. The results indicated that, average own labour men
available in the micro watershed was 1.91, average own labour (women) available
was 1.18, average hired labour (men) available was 17.86 and average hired labour
(women) available was 19.37.
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 In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 2.09, average
own labour (women) was also 1.18, average hired labour (men) was 9.18 and
average hired labour (women) available was 11.18. In case of small farmers,
average own labour men available was 2.22, average own labour (women) was 1.22,
average hired labour (men) was 15.22 and average hired labour (women) available
was 15.89. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was
1.44, average own labour (women) was 1.11, average hired labour (men) was 22.22
and average hired labour (women) available was also 22.22. In medium farmers
average own labour men available was 1.75, average own labour (women) was 1.50,
average hired labour (men) was 29.25 and average hired labour (women) available
was 33. In large farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own
labour (women) was 0, average hired labour (men) was 35 and average hired labour
(women) available was 40.
 The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the household opined that hired labour
was adequate and 94.29 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was
inadequate.
 The results indicated that, households of the Naregallu-1 micro watershed possess
1.80 ha (3.75 %) of dry land and 46.27 ha (96.25 %) of irrigated land. Marginal
farmers possess 1.80 ha (36.95 %) of dry land and 3.08 ha (63.05%) of irrigated
land. Small farmers possess 7.17 ha (100 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers
possess 12.87 ha (100 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 10.07 ha
(100%) of irrigated land and large farmers possess 13.07 ha (100%) of irrigated
land.
 The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 443049.32 and
average value of irrigated was Rs. 490456.62. In case of marginal famers, the
average land value was Rs. 443049.32 for dry land and Rs. 1655321.93 for irrigated
land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 1004178.43 for
irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs.
473656.08 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was
Rs. 297709.93 for irrigated land. In large farmers the average land value was Rs.
99411.77 for irrigated land.
 The results indicated that, there were 23 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells
in the micro watershed.
 The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 65.71 per
cent of the farmers and 5.71 per cent of the farmers were using canal for irrigation.
 The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 68.88 meters.
 The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 3.08 ha of irrigated
land, in case of small farmers there was 7.17 ha of irrigated land, semi medium
farmers were having 12.88 ha of irrigated land, medium farmers were having 10.06
4
ha of irrigated land and large farmers having 13.08 ha irrigated land. On an
average there were 46.26 ha of irrigated land.
 The results indicated that, farmers have grown coriander (0.40 ha), cotton (1.21 ha),
cowpea (0.88 ha), groundnut (0.50ha), Sorghum (1.24 ha), maize (38.21 ha), paddy
(0.81 ha), bajra (0.81 ha), red gram (1.62ha) and sunflower (2.98 ha) in kharif
season. Also grown 2.27 ha of cowpea and 3.33 ha sunflower in Rabi season.
Marginal farmers have grown coriander, groundnut, Maize, Bajra, cowpea and
sunflower. Small farmers have grown cowpea and maize. Semi medium farmers have
grown sorghum, maize, paddy, cowpea and sunflower. Medium farmers have grown
cotton, maize and red gram. Large farmers have grown only maize.
 The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Naregallu-1 micro watershed
was found to be 85.70 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, in
small farmers it was 88.19, in semi medium farmers it was 87.80, in medium farmers
it was 64.04 per cent and in large farmers it was 100 per cent.
 The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 36122.49.
The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46683. The net income from bajra
cultivation was Rs. 10560.51, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.
 The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 41582.91.
The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62427.57. The net income from
maize cultivation was Rs. 20844.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be
1:1.5.
 The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 42196.36.
The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42237.00. The net income from
paddy cultivation was Rs. 40.64. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.0.
 The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Cowpea was Rs. 33136.50.
The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22466.85. The net income from
Cowpea cultivation was Rs. -10669.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be
1:0.68.
 The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs.
54187.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 96239.63. The net
income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 42051.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was
found to be 1:1.78.
 The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs.
32861.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51830.19. The net
income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 18968.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was
found to be 1:1.58.
 The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs.
20210.43. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31377.85. The net
income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 11167.42. Thus the benefit cost ratio was
found to be 1:1.55.
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 The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 60504.72.
The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23053.33. The net income from
cotton cultivation was Rs. -37451.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be
1:0.38.
 The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for coriander was Rs.
71385.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income
from coriander cultivation was Rs. 39764.94. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to
be 1:1.56.
 The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs.
24308.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46312.50. The net
income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 22003.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was
found to be 1:1.91.
 The results indicated that, 83 tons of dry fodder was available for 44 days and 46
tons of green fodder was available for 26 days in studied micro watershed.
 The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was
adequate and 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was
inadequate. Similarly 22.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was
adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was
inadequate.
 The table indicated that the average income from service/salary was Rs. 72,685.71,
business Rs. 2,857.14, wage Rs. 285.71, agriculture Rs. 102,091.43, non farm
income Rs. 428.57 and dairy farm Rs.857.14.
 The results indicated that the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs.
2,428.57, business Rs. 1,714.29, agriculture Rs. 33,114.29 and dairy farm Rs.
171.43. On an average the expenditure was Rs. 11,005.24.
 The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 13 coconut trees in their
field.
 The results indicated that, households have planted 25 Neem trees, 8 tamarind tress,
2 banyan trees and 2 peeple trees in their field and also grown 2 Neem trees in the
backyard.
 The results indicated that, bajra, coriander, cotton, cowpea, sorghum, paddy, Red
gram and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and maize was sold
to the extent of 56.32 per cent.
 The results indicated that, 5.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to
local/village merchant, 85.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to
regulated market, 34.29 percent of the households have sold their produce to
cooperative marketing society and 5.71 percent of the households sold their produce
in contract marketing arrangement.
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 The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of them have used cart, 128.57 per cent of
the households used tractor and 2.86 per cent have used truck as a mode of
transport.
 The results indicated that, 65.71 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 34.29
percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.
 The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 11.43
per cent of the households and 88.57 per cent of them were using bore well for
drinking water.
 The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent
of the households.
 The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet
i.e. 27.27 per cent of marginal, 55.56 per cent of small, 22.22 per cent of semi
medium, 25 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet
facility.
 The results indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the sampled household’s possessed APL
card, 60 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 14.29 per cent
of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card.
 The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households participated in NREGA
programme which included 36.36 percent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small,
55.56 per cent of the semi medium, 25 percent of the medium farmers and 50 per
cent of the large farmers.
 The results indicated that, cereals, pulses and milk were adequate for 100 per cent,
11.43 per cent and 22.86 respectively. Oilseed, vegetables and fruits were adequate
for 2.86 per cent of the households correspondingly.
 The results indicated that, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, milk and egg were
inadequate for 88.57 per cent, 11.43 per cent, 8.57 per cent, 11.43 per cent, 57.14
per cent and 54.29 per cent of the household.
 The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint
experienced by 8.57 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field
(31.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (65.71%), inadequacy of irrigation
water (8.57%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (51.43%),
high rate of interest on credit (2.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities
(5.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), lack of transport for safe
transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71%), less rain fall (100%)
and source of agri. Technology information (Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (85.71%).
Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
 
Date 2021-07-25T01:53:27Z
2021-07-25T01:53:27Z
2019-12-31
 
Type Project Report
 
Identifier Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land resource inventory and socioeconomic status of farm households for watershed planning and development of Naregallu-1 (4D4A1T2e) Microwatershed, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICARNBSS& LUP Sujala MWS Publ 432, ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.152 & 42.
Not Available
http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/50033
 
Language English
 
Relation 432;
 
Publisher ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project)