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LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT MAINAHALLI (4D4A1W2a) MICRO WATERSHED Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka

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Title LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT MAINAHALLI (4D4A1W2a) MICRO WATERSHED Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka
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Creator Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh
 
Subject Details of Soil Survey, Soil constraints, Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Suitability, Economic Land Evaluation, Watershed Planning, Sujala – III Project
 
Description Not Available
The land resource inventory of Mainahalli microwatershed was conducted using
village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour
composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic
delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several
transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units.
Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate
the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent,
characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the
microwatershed.
The present study covers an area of 510 ha in Koppal taluk and district,
Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average
annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west
monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year.
An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and 1 per cent by water bodies,
settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are
summarized briefly below.
 The soils belong to 11 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 7land
Management Units.
 The length of crop growing period is 150
cm) soils.
 About 8 per cent area has loamy soils and 92 per cent area has clayey soils at the
surface.
 About 66 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (9.0) in soil reaction.
 The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 20 ppm) in the microwatershed.
 Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 32 per cent area and 67 per cent area is
medium (0.5-1.0 ppm).
 Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.
 Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in
about 1 per cent area.
 Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.
 The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the
microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and
moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil
may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be
decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing
infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position.
Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed
Crop
Suitability
Area in ha (%)
Crop
Suitability
Area in ha (%)
Highly
suitable
(S1)
Moderately
suitable
(S2)
Highly
suitable
(S1)
Moderately
suitable
(S2)
Sorghum 119(23) 315(62) Sapota 38 (8) 45 (9)
Maize - 434 (85) Pomegranate 63 (12) 247 (49)
Bajra 63 (12) 416 (82) Musambi 119 (23) 192 (38)
Groundnut 38 (8) 89 (17) Lime 119 (23) 181 (35)
Sunflower 119 (23) 178 (35) Amla 63 (12) 416 (82)
Red gram 38 (8) 254 (50) Cashew 63 (12) 14 (3)
Bengalgram 80 (16) 384 (76) Jackfruit 38 (8) 45 (9)
Cotton 119 (23) 315 (62) Jamun 38 (8) 261 (51)
Chilli 38 (8) 75 (15) Custard apple 143 (28) 336 (66)
Tomato 38 (8) 75 (15) Tamarind 38 (8) 247 (49)
Brinjal 24 (5) 366 (72) Mulberry 63 (12) 104 (21)
Onion 24 (5) 45 (9) Marigold 38 (8) 249 (49)
Bhendi 24 (5) 366 (72) Chrysanthemum 38 (8) 395 (78)
Drumstick 63 (12) 234 (46) Jasmine 38 (8) 214 (42)
Mango 38 (8) 24 (5) Crossandra 38 (8) 79 (15)
Guava 38 (8) 45 (9)
Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared
for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands
for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture
crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the
microwatershed.
 Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land
resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change.
For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic
soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.
 Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in
identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.
 As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be
planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks,
mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide
fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in
maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
 Results indicated that 37 farmers were sampled in Mainahalli micro watershed
among them 15 (40.54%) were marginal farmers, 12 (32.43%) were small farmers, 5
(13.51 %) were semi medium farmers, 1 (2.70%) were medium farmers and 4
(10.81%) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.
 The data indicated that there were 168 population households were there in the
studied micro watershed. Among them 94 (55.95%) men and 74 (44.05%) were
women. The average family size of landless and small farmer was 4, marginal
farmers and semi medium farmers were 5 and medium farmers were 7. On an
average the family size was 6.
 The data indicated that 36 (21.43%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 65 (38.69%)
were in 16-35 years of age, 52 (30.95%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (8.93 %)
were above 61 years of age.
 The results indicated that the Mainahalli had 29.76 per cent illiterates, 30.36 per
cent of them had primary school education, 9.52 per cent of them had both middle
school, 13.10 per cent them had high school education, 8.93 per cent of them had
PUC education, 0.60 per cent of them had diploma and ITI education, 6.55 per cent
of them had degree education.
 The results indicated that, 86.49 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 10.81
per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 2.70 per cent of the
household heads were doing trade and business.
 The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 20.24 per cent of
the household members, 48.81 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.60 per cent
were general labours, private sector, trade and business and children respectively.
28.57 per cent of them were students. In case of landless households 6.67 per cent
were agriculturist, 86.67 per cent were agricultural labors and 6.67 per cent were
students. In case of marginal farmers 19.18 per cent were agriculturist, 54.79 per
cent were agricultural labour and 24.66 per cent were students. In case of small
farmers 27.66 per cent of them were agriculturist, 36.17 per cent of them were
agriculture labour, 2.13 per cent were trade and business and 34.04 per cent of them
were students. In case of semi medium farmers 19.23 per cent of the family members
were agriculturist, 34.62 per cent were agriculture labour and 42.31 per cent of
them were students. In case of medium farmers 14.29 per cent of the family members
were agriculturist, 42.86 per cent of them were agriculture labors and 28.57 per cent
were students and 14.29 per cent of them were children.
 The results showed 100 per cent of the farmers have not participated in any local
institutions.
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 The results indicated that 94.59 per cent of the households possess Katcha house,
5.41 per cent of the households possess Pucca house and 2.70 per cent of them
possess Thatched house.
 The results showed that, 70.27 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.70 per cent
of them possess DVD/VCD Player, 10.81 per cent of the households possess Mixer
grinder, 5.41 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 24.32 per cent of the
households possess motor cycle and 75.68 per cent of the households possess mobile
phones.
 The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 6076, DVD/VCD
Player was Rs.3000, mixer grinder was Rs.1250, bicycle was Rs.400, motor cycle
was Rs.37666 and mobile phone was Rs.4336.
 About 8.11 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 2.70 per cent of them
possess plough 21.62 per cent of the households possess weeder.
 The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.21666; the average
value of plough was Rs. 2000 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 24.
 The results indicated that, 10.81 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 5.41
per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.70 per cent of the households possess
crossbred cow, 8.11 per cent of the household possess buffalo and 5.41 per cent of
the households possess sheep.
 In case of marginal farmers, 6.67 per cent of the households possess bullock, local
cow, crossbred cow and buffalo respectively. In case of small farmers, 8.33 per cent
of households possess bullock, local cow, buffalo and sheep respectively. In case of
semi medium farmers, 40 per cent of the households possess bullock and 20 per cent
possess buffalo and sheep respectively.
 The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed
was 1.78, average own labour (women) available was 1.36, average hired labour
(men) available was 8.11 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.69.
 In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 2.00, average
own labour (women) was also 1.47, average hired labour (men) was 6.47 and
average hired labour (women) available was also 6.73. In case of small farmers,
average own labour men available was 1.58, average own labour (women) was 1.25,
average hired labour (men) was 6.75 and average hired labour (women) available
was 7.58. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was
1.80, average own labour (women) was 1.40, average hired labour (men) was 9.40
and average hired labour (women) available was 10.60. In medium farmers average
own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 2, average hired
labour (men) was 30 and average hired labour (women) available was 30.
 The results indicated that, 8.11 per cent of the household opined that hired labour
was adequate and 89.19 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was
inadequate.
3
 The results indicated that, households of the Mainahalli micro watershed possess
38.26 ha (90.61%) of dry land and 3.97 ha (9.39%) of irrigated land. Marginal
farmers possess 10.44 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 15.95 ha (92.27
%) of dry land and 1.34 ha (7.73 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess
7.43 ha (73.84%) of dry land and 2.63 ha (26.16%) of irrigated land. Medium
farmers possess 4.45 ha (100%) of dry land.
 The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 233,807.51 and
average value of irrigated was Rs. 441,071.43. In case of marginal famers, the
average land value was Rs. 426,027.13 for dry land. In case of small famers, the
average land value was Rs. 206,878.17 for dry land Rs. 486,515.16 for irrigated
land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 121,144.41 for
dry land and Rs. 418,000 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average
land value was Rs. 67,363.64 for dry land and.
 The results indicated that, there were 1 functioning and 1 defunctioning bore wells in
the micro watershed.
 The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 2.70 per
cent of the farmers.
 The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 3.77 meters.
 The results indicated that, in case of small farmers there was 0.81 ha of irrigated
land.
 The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (7.81 ha), maize (19.33 ha),
sorghum (5.26 ha), red gram (0.20 ha) and sunflower (8.15 ha) in kharif season.
Marginal farmers had grown bajra, sorghum and maize. Small farmers had grown
bajra, sorghum, maize and sunflower. Semi medium farmers had grown bajra,
sorghum, maize, red gram and sunflower. Medium farmers had grown sunflower.
 The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Mainahalli micro watershed was
found to be 78.16 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 83.93 per cent, in case
of small farmers it was 75.66 per cent, in case semi medium it was 70.24 per cent
and medium farmers it was 100 per cent.
 The results indicated that, 81.08 per cent of the households have both bank account
and savings. 100 percent of the marginal and medium farmers possess bank account
and savings respectively. 83.33 per cent of small farmers possess both bank account
and savings. Semi medium farmers possess 80 per cent of both bank account and
savings.
 The results indicated that, 100 per cent of marginal, 83.33 per cent of small, 80 per
cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from
different sources.
 The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 33170.04.
The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26696.83. The net income from
bajra cultivation was Rs. -6473.21, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.8.
4
 The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 38478.23.
The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31675.95. The net income from
maize cultivation was Rs. -6802.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be
1:0.82.
 The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs.
61336.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49804.52. The net
income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. -11532.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio
was found to be 1:0.81.
 The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs.
41245.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27371.03. The net
income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -13874.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was
found to be 1:0.66.
 The results indicated that, 5.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was
adequate and 13.51 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was
adequate.
 The table indicated that, in case of landless, the average income from wage was Rs.
52000. In case marginal farmers the average income from wage was Rs.666.67,
agriculture was Rs.40666.6 and dairy farm was Rs.1333.33. In small farmers, the
average income from service/salary was Rs.3333.33 and agriculture was Rs.
46,666.67. In semi medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 2400,
agriculture was Rs.137000, dairy farm was Rs. 1200 and goat farming was Rs.8000.
In medium farmers the average income from agriculture was Rs.100000.
 The results indicated that, in case of land less, the average expenditure from wage
Rs. 17500. In marginal farmers, the average expenditure from wage was Rs.5000,
agriculture was Rs.20200 and dairy farm was Rs.3500. In small farmers, the average
expenditure from service/salary was Rs.10000 and agriculture was Rs.24833.33. In
semi medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.8000, agriculture
was Rs.39000, dairy farm was Rs.2000 and goat farming was Rs.15000. In medium
farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.70000.
 The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 3 coconut trees in their
field.
 The results indicated that, households have planted 2 teak trees, 21 neem trees,
1tamarind tress, 4 banyan and 1 peeple trees in their field.
 The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs.
4108.11 for land development and Rs.270.27 for improved crop production.
 Marginal farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5333.33 for land
development and Rs.266.67 for improved crop production. Small farmers have an
average investment capacity of Rs. 4250 for land development. Semi medium farmers
have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3800 for land development and Rs. 600
5
in irrigation facility. Medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs.
2000 for land development and Rs. 3000 in irrigation facility.
 The results indicated that for land development, 2.63 per cent of the households were
dependent on loan from bank and own funds respectively and 50 per cent of the
households were dependent on soft loan. 7.89 per cent of the households were
dependent on soft loan for improved crop production.
 The results indicated that, bajra, sorghum, maize, redgram and sunflower crops
were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.
 The results indicated that, 48.65 percent of the households have sold their produce to
local/village merchant and 59.46 percent of the households sold their produce to
regulated market.
 The results indicated that 2.70 per cent of the households have used head load and
truck as a mode of transport, 13.51 per cent of the households used cart as a mode of
transport and 89.19 per cent of them have used tractor.
 The results indicated that, 27.03 per cent of the households have experienced the soil
and water erosion problems i.e. 46.67 percent of marginal farmers and 25 per cent
of small farmers.
 The results indicated that, 75.68 per cent of the households have shown interest in
soil testing includes 93.33 per cent of the marginal, 75 per cent of the small, 80 per
cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.
 The results indicated that, 100 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 2.70
percent of them used LPG.
 The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 35.14
per cent households and 67.57 per cent of them were using bore well for drinking
water.
 The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent
of the households.
 The results indicated that, 59.46 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet
i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, 8.33 per cent of the small, 20
per cent of the semi medium and 100 medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.
 The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL
card.
 The results indicated that, 37.84 per cent of the households participated in NREGA
programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 26.67 percent of the
marginal, 25 per cent of the small, 40 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent
of the medium farmers.
 The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits , milk and egg
were adequate for 97.30 per cent, 86.49 per cent, 43.24 per cent, 43.24 per cent,
62.16 per cent, 29.73 per cent and 51.35 per cent respectively.
6
 The results indicated that, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits milk, egg and meat were
inadequate for 10.81 per cent, 51.35 per cent, 54.05 per cent, 24.32 per cent, 24.32
per cent, 35.14 per cent and 5.41 per cent of the households.
 The results indicated that, 89.19 per cent of the households experienced by lower
fertility status of the soil was the constraint, wild animal menace on farm field
(67.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (51.35%), inadequacy of irrigation
water (24.32%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (32.43%),
high rate of interest on credit (10.81%), low price for the agricultural commodities
(16.22%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (8.11%), inadequate extension
services (10.81%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to
the market (27.03%), less rainfall (64.86%) and Source of Agri-technology
information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (13.51%).
Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
 
Date 2021-07-25T01:45:33Z
2021-07-25T01:45:33Z
2019-12-31
 
Type Project Report
 
Identifier Rajendra Hegde, Ramesh Kumar, S.C., K.V. Niranjana, S. Srinivas, M.Lalitha, B.A. Dhanorkar, R.S. Reddy and S.K. Singh (2019). “Land Resource Inventory and Socio- Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Mainahalli (4D4A1W2a) Microwatershed, Alavandi Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka”, ICAR-NBSS&LUP Sujala MWS Publ. 295 ICAR – NBSS & LUP, RC, Bangalore. p.139 & 33.
Not Available
http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/50017
 
Language English
 
Relation 295;
 
Publisher ICAR::National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bengaluru & Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (Sujala-III Project)