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Enforcement and inequality in collective PES to reduce tropical deforestation: Effectiveness, efficiency and equity implications

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Title Enforcement and inequality in collective PES to reduce tropical deforestation: Effectiveness, efficiency and equity implications
 
Creator Naime, J.
Angelsen, A.
Molina-Garzón, A.
Carrilho, C.D.
Selviana, V.
Demarchi, G.
Duchelle, A.E.
Martius, C.
 
Subject ecosystem services
deforestation
policy analysis
law enforcement
 
Description Collective Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES), where forest users receive compensation conditional on group rather than individual performance, are an increasingly used policy instrument to reduce tropical deforestation. However, implementing effective, (cost) efficient and equitable (3E) collective PES is challenging because individuals have an incentive to free ride on others’ conservation actions. Few comparative studies exist on how different enforcement strategies can improve collective PES performance. We conducted a framed field experiment in Brazil, Indonesia and Peru to evaluate how three different strategies to contain the local free-rider problem perform in terms of the 3Es: (i) Public monitoring of individual deforestation, (ii) internal, peer-to-peer sanctions (Community enforcement) and (iii) external sanctions (Government enforcement). We also examined how inequality in wealth, framed as differences in deforestation capacity, affects policy performance. We find that introducing individual level sanctions can improve the effectiveness, efficiency and equity of collective PES, but there is no silver bullet that consistently improves all 3Es across country sites. Public monitoring reduced deforestation and improved the equity of the program in sites with stronger history of collective action. External sanctions provided the strongest and most robust improvement in the 3Es. While internal, peer enforcement can significantly reduce free riding, it does not improve the program’s efficiency, and thus participants’ earnings. The sanctioning mechanisms failed to systematically improve the equitable distribution of benefits due to the ineffectiveness of punishments to target the largest free-riders. Inequality in wealth increased group deforestation and reduced the efficiency of Community enforcement in Indonesia but had no effect in the other two country sites. Factors explaining differences across country sites include the history of collective action and land tenure systems.
 
Date 2022-05-05
2022-08-02T03:11:09Z
2022-08-02T03:11:09Z
 
Type Journal Article
 
Identifier Naime, J., Angelsen, A., Molina-Garzón, A., Carrilho, C.D., Selviana, V., Demarchi, G., Duchelle, A.E. and Martius, C. 2022. Enforcement and inequality in collective PES to reduce tropical deforestation: Effectiveness, efficiency and equity implications. Global Environmental Change 74: 102520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102520
0959-3780
https://hdl.handle.net/10568/120395
https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/reader/pii/S0959378022000589/pdf
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102520
 
Language en
 
Rights CC-BY-4.0
Open Access
 
Format 102520
 
Source Global Environmental Change