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Sonographic characteristics of goat testis on water bath based ultrasonography

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Title Sonographic characteristics of goat testis on water bath
based ultrasonography
 
Creator S, Jeyakumar
Arun Kumar, De
A, Kundu
Kuntola, Roy
Jai, Sunder
MS, Kundu
M, Balakrishnan
Subash, Chand
SK, Zamir
 
Subject SF Animal culture
 
Description Assessing the health of the testes in domestic animals is an important aspect of the breeding
soundness examination and selection. The aim of the present study was to develop a simple
method for scanning and to establish ultrasonographically the gross anatomic structures of
the goat testes. Six adult male goats were examined to study the sonographic appearance of
normal testes and epididymides using a water bath based ultrasound scanning technique. The
ultrasonographic examinations were done using a 5–9 MHz/60mm (7.5MHz) linear-array
transducer and a B-mode scanner. The ultrasonographic examination was performed in goats
after standardizing the procedure on six testes collected from slaughter house. Results showed
that in live goats when the probe was placed directly over the scrotum it gave distorted and
unclear image. In water bath method the entire scrotum was dipped into a container filled
with water and linear probe was used to observe the sonographic features of the testis. Each
testis was viewed vertically, resulting in longitudinal image which was frozen, measured and
printed through a thermal printer. The results of the ultrasonogram revealed that the
testicular parenchyma was homogenous and moderately echogenic throughout. The diameter
(mean7se) of the right and left testes was 4.4770.14 and 4.4270.07 cm respectively and no
significant difference was observed between the testes. The mediastinum testis was a
1.5070.22 cm wide linear structure of greater echogenicity than the testicular parenchyma
when viewed in the transverse plane and nearly circular echogenic ‘‘spot’’ in the midline of the
testis when viewed horizontally. The head and tail of the epididymides were easily identified
on all the testes, but the epididymal body and ductus deferens were difficult to identify
consistently. The tail of the epididymis was easily identified on the distal end of the testis with
sonolucent tubules and appeared sonographically as a ‘peaked cap’ upon the testicular
parenchyma. The diameter (mean7se) of the tail of right and left epididymis was 2.1170.18
and 1.9270.06 cm and no significant difference was observed between epididymides. The
vascular pampiniform plexus (1.4270.18 cm)was easily identified on the proximal end of the
testes. The tunics of the testes appeared as a bright echogenic line. Inter-testicular septum
appeared between testes as a hyperechoic line. It is concluded that ultrasonography permits a
noninvasive evaluation of the internal structure of the scrotum and testes and water bath
based sonographic examination may prove to be a valuable simple diagnostic methodology
for evaluating physiopathologic conditions of goat testes and can be employed as a routine
investigative method during breeding soundness and clinical examination.
 
Publisher Elsevier
 
Date 2013
 
Type Article
PeerReviewed
 
Format text
 
Language en
 
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Identifier http://eprints.naarm.org.in/136/1/Livestock%20Science%20Article-Sonographic.pdf
S, Jeyakumar and Arun Kumar, De and A, Kundu and Kuntola, Roy and Jai, Sunder and MS, Kundu and M, Balakrishnan and Subash, Chand and SK, Zamir (2013) Sonographic characteristics of goat testis on water bath based ultrasonography. Livestock Science, 152. pp. 79-87.