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Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases Caused by Badnaviruses

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Title Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases Caused by Badnaviruses
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Creator Ishwara Bhat A, Selvarajan R, Balasubramanian V
 
Subject Pararetrovirus; reverse transcribing virus; endogenous virus; episomal virus; detection; management
 
Description Badnaviruses are plant pararetroviruses that belong to the family Caulimoviridae and contain 68 species demarcated based on the sequence identity in the conserved reverse transcriptase (RT)/ribonuclease H (RNase H) coding region. The family Caulimoviridae consists of 11 genera including Badnavirus, namely, Caulimovirus (12 species), Cavemovirus (three species), Dioscovirus (one species), Petuvirus (one species), Rosadnavirus (one species), Ruflodivirus (one species), Solendovirus (two species), Soymovirus (one species), Tungrovirus (one species), and Vaccinivirus (one species) . Of these, Dioscovirus and Ruflodivirus have no particle morphology while badnaviruses and tungrovirus have bacilliform particles and the rest of the viruses have isometric particles. Genomes of all pararetroviruses comprise a double-stranded DNA and they replicate through an RNA intermediate. However, in contrast to retroviruses, integration of the viral genome is not mandatory for the replication of pararetroviruses. Instead, they accumulate as minichromosomes in the host nucleus. Illegitimate and generally fragmented integration occurs once in every million years.
New and emerging plant diseases are caused by different pathogens including viruses that often cause significant crop losses. Badnaviruses are pararetroviruses that contain a single molecule of ds DNA genome of 7 to 9 kb in size and infect a large number of economically important crops such as banana and plantains, black pepper, cacao, citrus, grapevine, pineapple, sugarcane, sweet potato, taro, and yam, causing significant yield losses. Many of the species in the genus have a restricted host range and several of them are known to infect a single crop. Combined infections of different virus species and strains offer conditions that favor the development of new strains via recombination, especially in vegetatively propagated crops. The primary spread of badnaviruses is through vegetative propagating materials while for the secondary spread, they depend on insects such as mealybugs and aphids. Disease emerges as a consequence of the interactions between host and pathogens under favorable environmental conditions. The viral genome of the pararetroviruses is known to be integrated into the chromosome of the host and a few plants with integrants when subjected to different kinds of abiotic stress will give rise to episomal forms of the virus and cause disease. Attempts have been made to develop management strategies for badnaviruses both conventionally and using precision breeding techniques such as genome editing. Until 2016 only 32 badnavirus species infecting different crops were known, but in a span of six years, this number has gone up to 68. The current review highlights the emerging disease problems and management options for badnaviruses infecting economically important crops.
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Date 2024-04-08T09:58:39Z
2024-04-08T09:58:39Z
2023-02-03
 
Type Journal
 
Identifier Not Available
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http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/81896
 
Language English
 
Relation Not Available;
 
Publisher Pathogens