Effect of physical form of the therapeutic diet on the behaviour of crossbred calves experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus

Abstract

The oral lesions associated with foot-and-mouth disease negatively affect animal behavior, which can adversely impact animal production and welfare. Physical form of a therapeutic diet (TD) can improve the feed intake and wellbeing during the acute phase of FMD. Accordingly, we tested the effect of two physical forms of a previously developed TD on the behavior of calves experimentally infected with FMD virus (FMDV). Crossbred Holstein Friesian male calves of 10-12 months (n=12) were experimentally infected with a virulent strain of FMDV and were offered a TD enriched with 19% CP and 2.9 Mcal ME/kg for 11 days post-FMDV infection. One group received the TD in mash form (TDM) while the other (n=6/group) received it in cooked form (TDC). A group of four calves served as uninfected control and were fed TDM. The time spent by the calves on certain behaviours was recorded in a pre-set form from 06:00 to 18:00 h for 10 days from day 2 to 11 post-FMDV infection. The data was divided into two sessions. Session 1 (06:00 to 13:00 h) represented after the offering of TD, while session 2 (13:01 to 18:00 h) represented the data after offering green fodder. Based on exploratory data analysis, data recorded from day 2-7 post-FMDV infection showed different trends among the group was included. Linear mixed model was used by fitting treatment, day and their interaction as fixed effects while calf as random effect. Orthogonal contrast was applied by comparing the infected TDM with other two groups. The results revealed that the cooked form of TD improved the social behaviours such as ingestion time, resting time, sleeping time and licking time from day 2 to 7 post-FMDV infection as compared with the infected TDM group. Ingestive behaviour was better in the infected TDC than that of TDM group (p<0.01). The sleeping time was significantly high in the infected groups as compared to the uninfected TDM group (p<0.01) till day 6 post-FMDV infection. Social behaviours such as licking, standing and resting differed significantly between the infected TDM and TDC groups in session 1, but not in session 2. Urination and defecation did not differ significantly between the infected TDM and TDC groups. It was concluded that cooked form of TD remediated the effects of infection with FMDV.