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Fluoride in Groundwater: Toxicological Exposure and Remedies

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Title Fluoride in Groundwater: Toxicological Exposure and Remedies
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Creator S. K. Jha,R. K. Singh,T. Damodaran,V. K. Mishra, D. K. Sharma, and Deepak Rai
 
Subject fluoride, toxicology, exposure
 
Description Not Available
Fluoride is a chemical element that is found most frequently in groundwater and has become
one of the most important toxicological environmental hazards globally. The occurrence of
fluoride in groundwater is due to weathering and leaching of fluoride-bearing minerals from
rocks and sediments. Fluoride when ingested in small quantities (1.5mg/L)
may cause fluorosis. It is estimated that about 200 million people, from among 25 nations
the world over, may suffer from fluorosis and the causes have been ascribed to fluoride
contamination in groundwater including India. High fluoride occurrence in groundwaters is
expected from sodium bicarbonate-type water, which is calcium deficient. The alkalinity of
water also helps in mobilizing fluoride from fluorite (CaF2). Fluoride exposure in humans is
related to (1) fluoride concentration in drinking water, (2) duration of consumption, and (3) climate
of the area. In hotter climates where water consumption is greater, exposure doses of
fluoride need to be modified based on mean fluoride intake. Various cost-effective and simple
procedures for water defluoridation techniques are already known, but the benefits of
such techniques have not reached the rural affected population due to limitations. Therefore,
there is a need to develop workable strategies to provide fluoride-safe drinking water to rural
communities. The study investigated the geochemistry and occurrence of fluoride and its
contamination in groundwater, human exposure, various adverse health effects, and possible
remedial measures from fluoride toxicity effects.
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Date 2019-10-19T07:35:38Z
2019-10-19T07:35:38Z
2013-04-10
 
Type Journal
 
Identifier google citation- 45
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http://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/handle/123456789/23623
 
Language English
 
Relation Not Available;
 
Publisher Taylor & Francis